Artículos Educación

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El aula Preescolar como espacio de desarrollo cognitivo: tipo de feedback docente y control metacognitivo en los niños
(01/04/2016) Muñoz, Liz; Santa Cruz, Josefina
Introduction: The aim of this work was to determine whether the type of feedback given by the preschool teacher during class impacts the children's metacognitive control. For this purpose, the children's behavior was analyzed while teachers provided feedback during collaborative learning sessions. Method: A quasi-experimental, cross-sectional study included two experimental groups and a control group. The age of participants ranged from 4.8 to 5.3 years old; all of them regularly attended a school located in La Pintana, Santiago, Chile. Their educators were trained in delivery of either self-regulation feedback or task/person feedback. While students performed collaborative work related to the Chilean curriculum, educators provided the different types of feedback. A total of 18 learning experiences were videotaped and analyzed using Videograph and SPSS software. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed between the groups of children that received feedback. A greater number of metacognitive control events were displayed by preschoolers who received self-regulation feedback: in total number of events and in number of events representing each of the three dimensions of metacognitive control (planning, monitoring and evaluation). Discussion and conclusions: Not all feedback modifies the metacognitive control of preschoolers. Low-cost training in self-regulation feedback and its daily practice equip the preschool teacher to be a key facilitator of children's cognitive development.
Características del Liderazgo Transformacional en Docentes de Lenguaje y Comunicación en una Muestra de Establecimientos Escolares de Vulnerabilidad Social
(2013) Maureira, Óscar; Rojas, Armando
El liderazgo colectivo, distribuido o compartido, emerge como propuesta para enriquecer, desde fuentes no tradicionales de influencias, el conocimiento, la formación y la mejora de la calidad de la intervención en los centros escolares. El presente estudio describe el liderazgo transformacional de los docentes de lenguaje y comunicación de 7° básico a 4° año medio en cinco establecimientos escolares que atienden a niños y jóvenes de escasos recursos. La descripción se basa en los resultados de la aplicación del cuestionario multifactorial de liderazgo a una muestra de 505 estudiantes. A través de parámetros de estadística descriptiva y el test de la prueba de t-student, se evidencia la inexistencia de diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la percepción del liderazgo del docente de lenguaje, según ciclos de enseñanza, como asimismo que los docentes de lenguaje son percibidos con rasgos transformacionales por sus estudiantes.
Inclusive Risk Management
(2015) Kaiser Mansilla, Carlos
I was born on October 19, 1974 in Santiago, Chile. Due to a syndrome called Meromelia, I was born with all of my limbs incomplete. Chile of the late twentieth century was a very hostile society toward people with disabilities, without accessibility in the buildings and streets. When I was supposed to attend school, education was denied to me, but I was accepted in a Catholic school called “Inmaculada Concepción de Nuestra Señora de Lourdes” located in Penaflor Town. There, I was raised as one of the kids.
El hispanismo en las mujeres chilenas:: las influencias franquistas en la Secretaría Nacional de la Mujer, Chile 1973-1989.
(2015) Grez Cook, Francesca
El presente escrito se enfoca en el estudio de las relaciones de colaboración entre el régimen español y chileno entre 1973-1989. Particularmente, analizará la influencia del Hispanismo, por medio de la Sección Femenina (SF), en la creación y accionar de la Secretaría Nacional de la Mujer (SNM). A lo largo de este escrito se comprobará la colaboración institucional e ideológicamente realizada por Sección Femenina lo que se convirtió en un medio para que el pensamiento hispanista fuera uno de los discursos que participara del proyecto instaurado en Chile. El traspaso del Hispanismo en nuestro país ayudó a crear una ideología específica sobre la mujer que fue promovida por la oficialidad.
Catalytic autoantibodies against myelin basic protein (MBP) isolated from serum of autistic children impair in vitro models of synaptic plasticity in rat hippocampus
(2015) González-Gronow, Mario; Cuchacovich, Miguel; Francos, Rina; Cuchacovich, Stephanie; Blanco, Ángel; Sandoval, Rodrigo; Farías Gómez, Cristian; Valenzuela, Javier A.; Ray, Rupa; Pizzo, Salvatore V.
Autoantibodies from autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) patients react with multiple proteins expressed in the brain. One such autoantibody targets myelin basic protein (MBP). ASD patients have autoantibodies to MBP of both the IgG and IgA classes in high titers, but no autoantibodies of the IgM class. IgA autoantibodies act as serine proteinases and degrade MBP in vitro. They also induce a decrease in long-term potentiation in the hippocampi of rats either perfused with or previously inoculated with this IgA. Because this class of autoantibody causes myelin sheath destruction in multiple sclerosis (MS), we hypothesized a similar pathological role for them in ASD.
Cuestionario de prácticas pedagógicas: análisis de su estructura factorial y consistencia interna en docentes de carreras de la salud
(2016) Pérez Villalobos, Cristhian; Vaccarezza G., Giulietta; Aguilar A., César; Coloma N., Katherine; Salgado F., Horacio; Baquedano R., Marjorie; Chavarría R, Carla; Bastías V., Nancy
Teaching practice is one of the most complex topics of the training process in medicine and other health care careers. The Teaching Practices Questionnaire (TPQ) evaluates teaching skills. Aim: To assess the factor structure and internal consistency of the Spanish version of the TPP among health care teachers. Material and Methods: The TPQ was answered by 315 university teachers from 13 of the 15 administrative Chilean regions, who were selected through a non-probabilistic volunteer sampling. The internal consistency of TPP factors was calculated and the correlation between them was analyzed. Results: Six factors were identified: Student-centered teaching, Teaching planning, Assessment process, Dialogue relationship, Teacher-centered teaching and Use of technological resources. They had Cronbach alphas ranging from 0.60 to 0.85. Conclusions: The factorial structure of TPQ differentiates the most important functions of teaching. It also shows a theoretical consistency and a practical relevance to perform a diagnosis and continuous evaluation of teaching practices. Additionally, it has an adequate internal consistency. Thus, TPQ is valid and reliable to evaluate pedagogical practices in health care careers.
Percepciones parentales respecto a la experiencia académica y social de sus hijos con altas capacidades intelectuales
(2019) Gómez-Arizaga, María P.; Truffello, Alicia; Kraus Friedmann, Benjamín
Este estudio presenta la experiencia social y académica en aulas regulares de niños con Altas Capacidades Intelectuales desde la perspectiva de sus madres. Se llevaron a cabo entrevistas en profundidad para comprender sus percepciones sobre el historial académico de sus hijos(as) y sus relaciones sociales. Se determinaron categorías que abarcan temas tales como: el reconocimiento temprano de los padres de características de las Altas Capacidades Intelectuales, la influencia del docente sobre el desarrollo del potencial así como la invisibilización de la Altas Capacidades Intelectuales en el sistema escolar, experiencias de bullying y expectativas a futuro, entre otras. Los resultados encontrados refieren a las madres como primeras identificadoras y potenciadoras de las Altas Capacidades Intelectuales, al docente como figura catalizadora u obstaculizadora en el ámbito escolar, y a las expectativas de las madres más vinculadas con un desarrollo integral del niño, que con un desarrollo netamente académico.
Lifelong Learning and Metacognition in the Assessment of Pre-service Teachers in Practice-Based Teacher Education
(2021) Matsumoto, Kiomi; Ramírez Montoya, María Soledad; Glasserman-Morales, Leonardo David
Initial teacher education should prepare pre-service teachers to develop effective teaching and lifelong learning tendencies. This study aimed to identify the component to consider in pre-service teachers’ assessment processes that promote lifelong learning and develop metacognition skills. For this, it analyzed how the planned and implemented actions by the teacher educators in Practice-based Teacher Education programs promoted metacognition and lifelong learning in the pre-service teachers. The method was a mixed explanatory sequential design. Quantitative and qualitative instruments were applied. Information was obtained from the learning and assessment resources (72 syllabi and 14 assessment tasks) and pre-service teachers’ opinions (survey: n = 231, interviews: n = 8). The findings identified three main components: (i) authentic and relevant assessment tasks, (ii) prior communication of instructions and evaluation criteria, and (iii) frequent performance-focused feedback from peers and teacher educators during and at the end of assignments. The study results can be valuable in teacher education programs to strengthen assessment processes, promote lifelong learning tendencies, and develop metacognitive skills among the teachers in training.
Opportunities to Develop Lifelong Learning Tendencies in Practice-Based Teacher Education: Getting Ready for Education 4.0
(2021) Matsumoto-Royo, Kiomi; Ramírez-Montoya, María Soledad; Conget, Paulette
Education 4.0 prepares new generations to develop the skills required to perform in a technological, dynamic, and unpredictable world. The main barrier to implementing Education 4.0 in schools is that teachers have not been trained for it. Given the advances and new resources of the technological field, teacher preparation will be insufficient if it focuses on technological skills but does not incorporate the necessary dispositions for lifelong learning. Universities have the ethical imperative to update teacher education so teachers can become lifelong learners. The objective of this study was to understand whether practice-based curricula offer opportunities to promote lifelong learning tendencies. We used a sequential explanatory method. Quantitative and qualitative instruments were applied to pre-service teachers (survey: n = 231, semi-structured interviews: n = 8), and causal and descriptive approaches were supported by a structural equation model and constant comparative method, respectively. Data triangulation confirmed and added depth to the relationship found. Practice opportunities provided by teacher educators in learning activities and assessment tasks promote curiosity, motivation, perseverance, and self-learning regulation, when they are (i) systematic; (ii) relevant to the classroom work; (iii) presented with clear instructions and effective rubrics; (iv) accompanied with feedback focused on the task, soliciting reflection, and performed by peers and teacher educators in a trustworthy environment. This research may be of value to universities looking to renew their Education 4.0 programs because it shows that practice-based curricula not only transform pre-service teachers into teaching experts but also into lifelong learners.
Aula urbana y rural: El discurso de niños y niñas
(2021) Villalta Paucar, Marco Antonio; Assael Budnik, Cecilia; Magaña Frade, Irene; Baeza Reyes, Andrea; Rebolledo Etchepar, Jessica
El artículo analiza la experiencia de participación en la sala de clase desde la perspectiva de niños y niñas de contextos socioculturales urbano y rural de Chile. Metodológicamente es un estudio cualitativo, de análisis de contenido de producciones discursivas y pictóricas de 74 infantes de primero básico de 14 escuelas de alta vulnerabilidad educativa, 6 de ellas ubicadas en sector urbano y 8 en sector rural. Se realizaron 16 entrevistas grupales para indagar sobre la experiencia de participar en el aula; se les solicitó un dibujo individual de las actividades de aprendizaje en el aula. Complementariamente se aplica la escala de matrices progresivas coloreada (MPC) de Raven. Los resultados indican que hay relación entre la puntuación obtenida en la prueba MPC y la percepción de participación en el aula manifiesta en los dibujos, así como diferencias entre los discursos del sector urbano y el rural de las escuelas
Effect of mediated learning teacher-child interactions in urban and rural primary school classrooms: an exploratory study
(2021) Villalta Paucar, Marco Antonio; Assael Budnik, Cecilia; Delgado-Vásquez, Ana Esther; Torres-Acuña, William; Lebeer, Jo
The objective is to analyze teacher-child interactions through Mediated Exchanges (ME) for the promotion of autonomous learning in primary education in different socio-educational contexts. We conducted a quasi-experimental study with an intervention group (IG) and control group (CG), composed of 16 teachers of students between 5 and 7 years of age, of urban and rural schools in Chile. In the IG, we implemented a feedback program. In both groups, actual classes were filmed pre- and post-program, and Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices Scale (CPM) was applied to 117 participating students. The results indicate that after the feedback, the frequency of ME in the IG increased significantly compared with the CG, in urban and rural classrooms; the children of the IG significantly increased average score ranges obtained in the CPM test. Rural and urban classrooms differed in the kind of mediated exchanges.
Core practices in practice-based teacher education: A systematic literature review of its teaching and assessment process
(2021) Matsumoto-Royo, Kiomi; Ramírez-Montoya, María Soledad
This article presents a systematic review of the literature to identify core practices, teaching strategies and assessment processes used or under development in practice-based teacher education programs. It addresses diverse core practices used in university pedagogy of practice. A finding is that the assessment of students’ learning of core practices remains incipient. Our study contributes to teacher education programs that opt for a practice-based curriculum to further understand teaching and assessment of core practices. This review facilitates progress in constructing common frameworks that support pre-service teachers’ training.
Functional relationships evidenced and representations used by third graders within a functional approach to early algebra
(2021) Pinto Marín, Eder; Cañadas, María C.; Moreno, Antonio
This study describes how 24 third-graders (8-9 years old) relate and represent the relationships between variables when working with a functional thinking problem. This aspect contributes to providing insights about how elementary school students attend properties and relationships between covarying quantities rather than isolated computations. From a functional approach to early algebra, we describe written students’ answers when working with a problem that involves a function, which includes questions for specific values and to generalize. Design research guidelines, specifically those set out for Classroom Teaching Experiment were followed. This study addresses the fourth and last Classroom Teaching Experiment session, which involved a function of the type y=ax+b and students had not previously worked it. Students primarily evidenced correspondence relationship, using natural language and numerical representation to express this functional relationship. Our findings let us to state that: (a) although students were not used to working with these types of problems, eleven of them go beyond arithmetic computations, finding relationships that relate the variables; and (b) three students generalized using natural language as a useful vehicle, while there are other students who perceived the same regularity for different specific values but they are unable to represent generalization clearly
Diseño y validación de un cuestionario para evaluar oportunidades de práctica pedagógica, metacognición y lifelong learning, brindadas por los programas de formación inicial docente
(2021) Matsumoto-Royo, Kiomi; Conget, Paulette; Ramírez-Montoya, María Soledad
El objetivo del estudio fue diseñar y validar un cuestionario para recoger información respecto de las oportunidades que brindan los programas de formación inicial docente de aproximarse a la práctica pedagógica, de desarrollar habilidades de procesamiento metacognitivo y de adoptar el lifelong learning. El instrumento fue diseñado conforme a la literatura y validado usando el método Delphi. Fue aplicado en una muestra de 198 estudiantes de Pedagogía. Luego de ajustes en función de los resultados de un análisis factorial confi rmatorio, se obtuvo una versión de alta validez y confi abilidad. El cuestionario está organizado en tres dimensiones y 24 reactivos y permite estudiar desde la perspectiva de los estudiantes las acciones de los programas de formación docente, constituyendo un marco referencial para orientar las decisiones de ajuste e innovación en este ámbito de formación.
Characterization of the Educational Innovation Process: Teaching Concerns and Results in the Teaching and Learning Process in a Chilean University Over 5 Years
(2021) Ruiz Garrido, Alejandra; Vélez Rivera, Rocío; Leal Orellana, Priscila; Quintiliano-Scarpelli, Daiana
This study arises from the need to identify the concerns of teachers for their pedagogical practice, characterizing this process. 91 articles of educational innovation projects were analyzed, between 2014 and 2018, in which 371 teachers and 9,509 students participated. A matrix was developed with identification data and variables based on the concerns focused on students and teachers, their results and the type of innovation used. The variables were associated using descriptive and bivariate statistics (chisquare and fisher’s exact test) using Stata 14.1 software. Among the main results, the concerns towards the students stand out, most frequently of the variable “application of the theory”. On the other hand, the main concerns focused on teachers were “curricular planning” and the “use of methodologies”. “Peer-to-peer learning with the use of keyboards” and “Flipped Classroom_Learning” were the most frequently implemented innovations, showing interest in active methodologies. The results obtained allow us to reflect on innovation in higher education and decide on empirical data from the experience of teachers.
Enseñanza del género Tesina (TFG) en Ingeniería Civil-Minería: Recursos para la escritura académica en español
(2022) Sologuren, Enrique; Nuñez, Carmen Gloria; Becerra, Nelson
El trabajo final de grado representa un desafío para los estudiantes que se encuentran en la etapa terminal de su carrera universitaria, ya que se trata de un género que promueve la integración de los conocimientos y competencias disciplinares complejas necesarias para un adecuado desempeño profesional. Esta investigación aplicada tiene como objetivos: analizar el género TFG y diseñar recursos didácticos informados para el abordaje de este género. El marco teórico se basa en la pedagogía de género y la metodología es cualitativa. Los resultados caracterizan un tipo de género que moviliza conocimientos y habilidades de escritura académica en diferentes dimensiones discursivas, procesuales, lingüísticas y normativas que constituyen un reto para el aprendizaje en la disciplina. A partir de lo anterior, se diseñaron un conjunto de recursos didácticos para abordar estos desafíos en el aula de ingeniería y lograr la acreditación del conocimiento y la construcción de la identidad profesional.
Interaction and Reflective Practice of the Teacher in the Classroom
(2022) Villalta Paucar,Marco Antonio; Martinic Valencia ,Sergio; Assael Budnik ,Cecilia
En este artículo de investigación se analiza la relación entre la práctica reflexiva y la interacción profesora-alumnos en salas de clases de primer grado de primaria de escuelas urbanas y rurales de Chile. Con una metodología de casos múltiple, se analizaron discursos y prácticas de 8 profesoras, con diferente tiempo de participación (Alta/Baja) en un Programa de Acompañamiento de la Práctica pedagógica en aula (pap), que promueve diálogos basados en los criterios de la teoría de Experiencia de Aprendizaje Mediado. Se filmaron las clases y se entrevistaron a las profesoras antes y al finalizar el pap. Entre los resultados, destaca que las profesoras de alta participación en el pap tienen una interacción en el aula con más uso de estructuras dialogales mediadas y una reflexión de mayor elaboración sobre su práctica. Se observan, a la vez, diferencias en el uso de estas estructuras dialogales, según el tiempo de experiencia docente, percepción que tienen las docentes de los niños y contextos urbano-rural de la escuela.
Leading Schools in Times of COVID-19: Building Resilience
(2022) Assael Budnick, Cecilia; Villalta Paucar, Marco Antonio; Martinic Valencia, Sergio; Rebolledo Etchepare, Jessica
La situación provocada por el COVID-19 ha transformado la forma y las metas atribuidas históricamente a la escuela. El objetivo de este estudio es describir, desde la perspectiva de directores de escuelas primarias, las condiciones generadas por el COVID-19 que inciden en la reflexión y promoción del encuentro educativo. Para ello se realizó un estudio cualitativo de análisis de contenido a entrevistas en profundidad realizadas a directivos de ocho escuelas primarias de sectores urbanos y rurales de tres regiones de Chile. Los resultados indican que la preocupación por el aprendizaje de contenidos se ha desplazado a la preocupación por el bienestar socioemocional de los estudiantes; el funcionamiento de las escuelas en contexto de COVID-19 varía según la zona: las escuelas rurales han movilizado y fortalecido la relación colaborativa con la comunidad, en tanto que las escuelas urbanas se han enfocado en el uso eficiente de la tecnología digital.
ARAPP: Análisis y resumen Automático de Políticas de Privacidad
(2022) Alfaro, Rodrigo; Bronfman, Alan; Riff, Stephanie; Venegas, René; Valenzuela, Miguel; Sologuren, Enrique
Un derecho fundamental de los usuarios de aplicaciones informáticas es que puedan conocer las políticas de privacidad (PP) que tales aplicaciones establecen, en particular es relevante que conozcan acerca del tratamiento que aceptan sobre el uso de sus datos. No obstante, estas PP son muy extensas y escritas en un lenguaje administrativo-jurídico y comercial, lo que dificulta su lectura y comprensión. El objetivo de este artículo es resumir automatizadamente las PP de cinco aplicaciones de redes sociales (Facebook, Twitter, TikTok, Snapchat e Instagram) en español, a través de técnicas extractivas y abstractivas. Para ello se utilizan tres aproximaciones de representación desde el Procesamiento de Lenguaje Natural, estas son: Teoría de Grafos, TF-IDF y Gensim. A partir de ellas, se generan automáticamente 15 resúmenes, los que son evaluados por un experto en derecho, para medir la legibilidad y relevancia en base a 20 preguntas confeccionadas por un estudio de la Universidad de Austin, Texas (Zaeem et al., 2018). Por último, a partir de una clasificación de cada política de privacidad, según distintos factores de riesgos, se comprueba que el método Gensim es el m´as adecuado para la representación y resumen. Además se identifica a Snapchat como la aplicación que mejor cumple dichos factores.
Back to the Initial Condition: Experiences that Trigger the Need to Develop Language Skills Among University Spanish Students
(2022) Österberg, Rakel; Donoso, Alejandra; Sologuren, Enrique
The present study investigates how the L2 learning experience shapes multilinguals' motivation to improve their writing skills in Spanish, a language they study at university level. Within the Second Language Motivational Self System Theory (L2MSS), the L2 learning experience is often neglected when it comes to interpreting and discussing findings on motivation. We propose that the analysis of the L2 learning experience should acknowledge both formal and informal settings, such as the family context, in order to research why and how a person chooses to develop certain linguistic abilities like writing. Given that the L2 learner experience is spatially and temporally bound, the concept of sensitivity to initial conditions, i.e., the conditions or changes that may trigger the learner to move towards enhanced language learning, will be adopted to research the L2 learning experience. The aim of the study is twofold. First, to investigate the Spanish learning experience as a function of the initial conditions referred to by the participants. Second, to research how the Spanish ideal and ought-to selves are related to the students’ motivation to use and learn or maintain Spanish skills. The data consist of a questionnaire answered by multilingual university students of Spanish (n=21) and written autobiographical narratives. The participants belong to two groups: one group of Spanish heritage language learners (n=10) and one group of native-Swedish speaking L3 Spanish learners (n=11). Overall, family reasons, previous school experiences, high proficiency in Spanish, previously acquired languages, contact with the linguistic communities, language use and context are all aspects tightly connected to the students’ motivation to learn, maintain and develop Spanish language proficiency. The L2 learning experience, as a wider construct dependent on the sensitivity to initial conditions, must be considered to understand the complex nature of multilingual literacy development.

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