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Comprehensive in‑silico molecular analysis of early‑onset gastric cancer identifies novel genes implicated in disease characterization and progression (Review)
(2025) Gómez‑Valenzuela, Fernán; Silva, Ian; Retamal, Ignacio N.; García‑Bloj, Benjamín; De Mayo Glasser, Tomás; Muñoz‑Medel, Matías; Gómez, Alex; San Martín, Cristopher; Sánchez, Carolina; Pinto, Felipe; Aravena, Paola; Sabioncello, Andrea C.; Garrido Villanueva, Marcelo; Sigler Chávez, Fernado; Corvalán, Ignacio; Barrios, Henry; Erpel, José M.; Manque, Patricio A.; Godoy, Juan A.; Garrido, Marcelo
Gastric cancer, a prevalent and fatal form of cancer worldwide, is manifested at different age ranges during the lifespan. Approximately one‑third of newly diagnosed gastric cancer cases are early‑onset gastric cancer (EO‑GC), which affects individuals under the age of 50 years. EO‑GC tends to be more aggressive than late‑onset gastric cancer (L‑GC), with a faster and multifocal disease progression. Furthermore, EO‑GC is associated with early metastatic disease. Recent research has underscored the need for a deeper understanding of EO‑GC that promotes therapeutic approaches specific to EO‑GC. The present study determined the main transcrip‑tomic differences between EO‑GC and L‑GC. Transcriptomic expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas‑Stomach Adenocarcinoma were explored to elucidate whether age is associated with a specific genomic expression pattern and is associated with gastric cancer. Subsequently, a differential gene expression analysis of the EO‑GC vs. L‑GC groups was performed, providing new insights into EO‑GC gene expression characteristics and their association with survival
outcomes. Furthermore, the study focused on whether the influence of representative gene expression in EO‑GC cases (KLHL4, MAGEL2, CYP8B1, RNLS, CLDN6, MIOX, PNMA5 and ACTL8 genes) may be associated with its aggressive phenotype and methylation profiles of these patients. In this review, the necessity of incorporating age as a crucial element in understanding the disparities in outcomes for EO‑GC cases in public datasets was discussed. Furthermore, this insight
may be useful for targeted early personalized clinical interventions to improve patient prognosis and survival rates in EO‑GC cases.
Novel sponge formulation of mesenchymal stem cell secretome and hyaluronic acid: a safe and effective topical therapy for Psoriasis vulgaris
(2025) Elgueta, Estefanía; Prieto, Catalina P.; Hartmann, Dan; Carrillo, Daniela; Edwards, Natalie; Martínez, Constanza; Pérez, Dan; Casas, Bárbara; Vergara, Luis; Valenzuela, Fernando; Catalán, Verónica; Lattus, José; Oyarzun-Ampuero, Felipe; Palma, Verónica
Background Psoriasis vulgaris is the most common form of psoriasis, yet current treatments often lead to significant side effects, resulting in a high rate of therapy desertion. Here, we explored a novel therapeutic approach using the secretome from Wharton Jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells, biologically stabilized and enhanced with hyaluronic acid (HA), its presentation is an easy-to-apply topical sponge. This formulation had previously demonstrated efficacy
in vitro and in experimental psoriasis mouse models.
Methods In vitro characterization studies included dynamic light scattering, nanoparticle tracking analysis, optical/electronic microscopy, microbiological experiments, and angiogenic capacity (HUVEC cells). In vivo studies included angiogenic capacity in chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), safety (hypersensitive and healthy volunteers), and efficacy (double-blinded and randomized patients).
Results We demonstrated the presence of spherical exosomes (164 ± 87 nm, PDI of 0.38, and 1.5 × 10⁷ particles/mL) within the selected secretomes, which exhibited significant proangiogenic activity in HUVEC cells and in a CAM assay. The secretome-containing sponges displayed distinct physicochemical properties, such as the absence of nitrogen and reduced carbon and oxygen content, resulting in a more cross-linked material with thinner fibers. These characteristics extended the dispersion time in aqueous media. Microbiological testing confirmed sterility in the packed, ready-to-use secretome-HA sponges after 3 months of storage. To assess safety, we selected doses (based on total protein content) that were applied to three patients with atopic dermatitis (42 μg of protein, patch test, 5
days) and four healthy volunteers (210 μg, 15 days) with no observed adverse topical or systemic effects. In a 30-day.
Diagnostic utility and psychometric properties of the Technology Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire (T-ADLQ) in people with non-formally educated with Alzheimer's disease in Lima, Peru
(2025) Montesinos, Rosa; Olavarria, Loreto; Henriquez, Fernando; Custodio, Belén; Delgado, Carolina; Malaga, Marco; Custodio, Nilton; Slachevsky Chonchol, Andrea
Objective: To evaluate the discriminative capacity and psychometric properties of the Technology-Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire (T-ADLQ) in distinguishing cognitively unimpaired individuals from those with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD) in a population with no formal education.
Methods: This cross-sectional study included individuals with no formal education over 50 years of age residing in Callao, Peru. Participants were classified into three cognitive groups: cognitively unimpaired (CU; n = 64), aMCI (n = 60), and early ADD (n = 63). Functional decline was assessed with the T-ADLQ. Group comparisons were conducted using the chi-square or ANOVA tests, as appropriate. Pearson correlations were used to assess concurrent validity. The reliability of the T-ADLQ was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses and area under the curve (AUC) metrics were used to assess the discriminative validity of the measures across the three cognitive groups.
Results: In a sample of 187 illiterate older adults, the T-ADLQ demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.966) and strong inverse correlations with global and executive cognitive measures (MMSE, RUDAS, IFS). It also showed a moderate positive correlation with PFAQ. ROC analyses revealed excellent discriminative performance of the T-ADLQ. The total score and the instrumental (IADL) and advanced (AADL) domains achieved perfect accuracy in differentiating cognitively unimpaired individuals from those with aMCI or ADD. The basic activities of daily living (BADL) domain also showed high accuracy, particularly in distinguishing aMCI from ADD.
Conclusion: The T-ADLQ and its subdomains exhibit strong psychometric properties and high discriminative capacity in detecting functional decline in individuals with aMCI and ADD. These findings support the T-ADLQ as a valid and reliable tool for assessing functional impairment in populations with no formal education.
The overlooked role of exergames in cognitive-motor neurorehabilitation: a systematic review
(2025) Maggio, Mria Grazia; Baglio, Francesca; Maione, Raffaela; Calapai, Rosalia; Di Iulio, Fulvia; Rocha dos Santos, Paulo Cezar; Maldonado-Díaz, Marcos; Pistorino, Giulia; Cerasa, Antonio; Quartarone , Angelo; Calabrò Rocco Salvatore
Exergames are emerging tools for cognitive-motor neurorehabilitation, but their effects in adults with neurological conditions remain insufficiently explored. This systematic review examined studies from PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science, assessing the impact of exergames on motor and
cognitive outcomes. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non-RCTs, and experimental designs. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD420250655053) and followed PRISMA and Cochrane guidelines. Eleven studies (8 RCTs, 2 feasibility studies, 1 secondary analysis)
reported improvements in balance, gait, executive function, and memory, with high adherence (85–100%) and minimal adverse effects. While the overall risk of bias was low, heterogeneity in interventions, populations, and outcome measures limited comparability and generalizability.
Additionally, the absence of long-term follow-up hindered conclusions on sustained benefits.
Exergames appear promising for cognitive-motor rehabilitation in neurological conditions. Future studies should adopt standardized protocols, include long-term follow-up, and explore neurophysiological mechanisms to support clinical implementation.
Therapeutic challenges in central nervous system viral infections: advancing mesenchymal stem cell-based strategies for treating neuroinflammation and promoting tissue repair
(2025) Carbone, Javier; Fontecilla, Javiera; Sales, Nicolás; Chaparro, William; Molina, Alfredo; Ruete, María; González, Pablo; Machuca, Mayra; Opazo, Ma Cecilia; Ezquer, Marcelo; Duarte, Luisa
Although significant progress has been made in medicine and antimicrobial research, viral infections continue to pose a critical global health challenge, particularly when they involve the central nervous system (CNS). Despite advances in vaccines, antiviral agents, and small molecule therapeutics, current strategies remain insufficient to address the complex consequences of many CNS infections fully. Notably, many viruses are neurotropic and can invade the CNS, triggering infectious neuroinflammation that often lead to chronic neurological disorders and lasting morbidity. Current therapeutic approaches are largely ineffective in preventing or reversing this long-term neurological damage, underscoring the urgent need for innovative prophylactic and therapeutic interventions. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising strategy to counteract chronic neuroinflammation and promote tissue repair following viral CNS infections. This review provides a comprehensive overview of CNS viral infection and neuroinflammation, including epidemiology and pathophysiology, and critically examines the limitations of existing treatments, particularly their inability to mitigate persistent neurological sequelae. Furthermore, we summarize recent preclinical and clinical studies investigating the use of MSCs in the context of CNS viral infections, highlighting their immunomodulatory and neuroprotective mechanisms, and discuss the challenges and future directions for MSC-based therapies in clinical settings.
Nurses’ Participation in the Psychiatric Recovery Process: A Qualitative Study in Psychiatric Intensive Care Units in Chile
(2025) Fuentes Olavarría, Daniela
Background: Recovery is an emerging approach. In Chile, attempts are being made to introduce the Recovery Model with specific guidelines for the care of people diagnosed with Severe Mental Disorders. The participation of nurses in this process is peripheral to the biomedical model. Objectives: To explore the participation of nurses in the recovery process of people hospitalised in Psychiatric Intensive Care between 2023 and 2024. Methods: Qualitative research, collective-case multisite study design in four hospitals. With the approval of four ethics committees, 18 nurses who signed informed consent were interviewed. Rapid qualitative analysis was performed. Results: Nursing care is mainly related to the caregiving, educational, and management roles. Recovery is associated with clinical improvement, and different components are identified, such as family and social support, the ability to resume control of one's life, the existence of a future life plan, and the ability to manage one's own illness. Conclusions: The results are consistent with elements described in contemporary approaches to recovery, incorporating autonomy, confidence in the person's abilities, and shared decision-making. However, they are still far from modern approaches to personal and non-clinical recovery. Nursing needs to redirect its efforts toward recovery with a paradigm shift toward a model in which the person affected by a mental health condition is the protagonist of their own health process.
Enhanced mTORC1 Signaling in Inflammatory Monocytes Links Systemic Inflammation to Cardiovascular Disease in Rheumatoid Arthritis
(2025) Karsulovic, Claudio; Tempio, Fabian; Lopez, Mercedes; Guerrero, Julia; Joo, Ka Wei Katty
Background/Objectives: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), not fully explained by traditional risk factors and disease activity alone. This study explored the relationship between circulating monocyte subsets, inflammatory cytokine profiles, and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex (mTORC) signaling in RA patients with and without a history of CVD. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 9 RA patients with prior CVD, 9 carefully matched RA controls without CVD, and 6 healthy controls were analyzed by flow cytometry. Matching was rigorously conducted across clinically relevant variables, including age, sex, blood pressure, lipid profile, smoking status, RA duration, disease activity, Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drug (DMARD) failures, and steroid use. Monocyte subsets were classified as inflammatory (CD14+HLA-DR+CCR2+) and non-inflammatory (CD14+CD163+CCR2-). Results: RA-CVD+ patients exhibited higher frequencies of inflammatory monocytes and elevated intracellular levels of Interleukin 1 β (IL-1β) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6) compared to RA-CVD- patients and healthy controls. mTORC activation, assessed by phosphorylation of S6 Ribosomal Protein (S6Rp), was significantly increased in inflammatory monocytes from RA-CVD+ patients. Conclusions: S6Rp correlated with IL-1β and IL-6 levels only in the RA-CVD+ group, suggesting a link between mTORC activity and inflammatory monocyte function. Notably, these inflammatory features did not correlate with disease activity scores or disease duration. We observed increased mTORC1 signaling in inflammatory monocytes in RA-CVD+ patients, suggesting a potential association with cardiovascular comorbidity.
The effect of computer prompt in breaks of sedentary behaviour among office workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis
(2025) Leppe-Zamora, Jaime; Ramos-Fuster, Sara; Muñoz-Monari, Barbara; Roa-Alcaino, Sonia; Sarmiento, Olga Lucía
Background Prolonged sitting time in the workplace constitutes a significant portion of waking hours. Sedentary behaviour is associated with higher risks of cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and all‑cause mortality. Interventions to reduce workplace sitting, such as health apps, height‑adjustable desks, and active breaks, have shown relative effectiveness in improving health outcomes. Among these, computer prompt interventions represent a simple and scalable strategy that can remind workers to take breaks and reduce sedentary behaviour. This study evaluates the effectiveness of computer prompt interventions to reduce sitting at work compared to no intervention or combined strategies.
Methods Primary studies were searched in PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE, Scopus, and CENTRAL of the Cochrane Library. The search was conducted until December 2024. Keywords included terms like “sedentary behaviour,” “computer prompts,” “sitting time,” and “office workers.” Only randomized controlled trials (individual or cluster) involving desk‑based workers aged 18 or older that evaluated computer prompt software were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk‑of‑Bias tool (RoB2). Mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for sitting time and secondary outcomes. Analyses were performed using RevMan and R software, and GRADE methodology was applied to assess the certainty of evidence.
Results From 17,880 records, 18 studies involving 1164 office workers were included in the analysis. Ten studies focused exclusively on computer prompts, while 8 studies implemented combined strategies (e.g., computer prompts plus sit‑to‑stand desks). The median intervention length was 8 weeks, ranging from one to 24 weeks. Studies using only computer prompts included breaks lasting from 1 to 10 min every 30 min up to an hour. Combined strategies included breaks from 6 to 30 min every 30 min up to 3 h. According to objective measurements, the meta‑analysis showed a significant reduction of 12.46 min/workday in sitting time (95% CI: ‑18.12, ‑6.80) and a significant increase of 1029.99 steps/workday (95% CI: 815.97, 1244). Secondary outcomes included work‑related, musculoskeletal,
and cardiometabolic outcomes favouring computer prompts but not statistically significant. The certainty of evidence for primary outcomes is rated low to moderate according to GRADE.
Conclusions Computer prompt software interventions show effectiveness in reducing sitting time among office workers. However, more long‑term prospective studies with larger sample sizes are needed to accurately determine the effectiveness of computer prompts on various work‑ and health‑related outcomes.
Predictive Value of Brain Volumetry in the Response toSubthalamotomy Using High-Intensity Focused UltrasoundTreatment in Patients With Parkinson’s Disease
(2025) Alfaro-Nasta Elias; Gonzalez-Mendez P.; Lorenzoni J.; Andia M.E
Objective: Subthalamotomy using magnetic resonance-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound (MRg-FUS) is a noninvasivetherapy that improves the cardinal symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. However, clinical outcomes show high variability even whenall inclusion criteria for this treatment are met. In this work, we aim to study the relationship between brain volumetry and clinicalresponse in patients undergoing this treatment.Methods: Twenty patients who underwent MRg-FUS subthalamotomy were included and evaluated at baseline and 3 months post-treatment. Brain volumes were obtained from pretreatment MRI scans processed with the open-source package FreeSurfer. Tetreatment response was assessed using the movement disorder society unifed Parkinson’s disease rating scale (MDS-UPDRS). Principalcomponent analysis (PCA) and clustering methods were used to identify groups of patients with similar clinical outcome.Results: PCA identifed 2 clusters of patients, and a sensitivity and a specifcity of 80% classifed patients who will have a responseto treatment with an improvement greater than 40% of the pretreatment UPDRS III scale. A positive association was found withthe response to treatment with the variables: brain volume, cortical thickness and volume of total gray matter, and subcortical graymatter and white matter. On the other hand, a negative association was found with the response to treatment with the variables:ventricular volume.Conclusion: Our fndings suggest that brain atrophy, reduced global cortical thickness, and increased ventricular volume aresignifcantly associated with the predicting treatment response in Parkinson’s disease patients undergoing MRg-FUSsubthalamotomy
Gender Disparities in Oncology: A Report From Four Countries in Latin America
(2025) Ismael, Julia; Montenegro, Paola; Müller, Bettina; Barragan-Carrillo, Regina; Hernández-Marín, Jazmin; Fernández-Figueroa, Edith A.; Argueta-Donohué, Jesús; Ruiz-Garcia, Erika
Purpose: Women represent a growing force in oncology but remain underrepresented in high-level positions. Gender-related challenges affect academic progression, research, and clinical practice. This manuscript aims to describes gender-based professional development challenges faced by women in oncology in Latin America (LATAM).
Materials and methods: We conducted a multicenter, cross-sectional study among LATAM oncologists using a 27-item questionnaire on the basis of the European Society for Medical Oncology Women for Oncology Survey. Our analysis focused on male-female disparities, excluding other gender identities. Logistic regression models were used to calculated odds ratios (ORs) for gender inequity, wage disparity, workplace and sexual harassment, and family development. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 26, with the significance set at P < .05.
Results: We analyzed 254 participants from Argentina, Chile, Mexico, and Peru, mostly females (88%) and based in Mexico (55%). Most were attending physicians (68%), 51.5% worked 41-60 hours, and 33.4% reported gender equity initiatives. Gender inequity was significantly higher among women (83%) than among men (37%), with the female gender identified as a risk factor (OR, 15.67; P < .001). Workplace harassment was reported by 60% of women and 19% of men, whereas sexual harassment was experienced by 34% of women and 16% of men (OR, 2.78; P < .05). Sixty-five percent reported that men had the highest salaries. Logistic regression indicated that working 20-40 hours per week was associated with the likelihood of women having children (OR, 3.0; P < .01), as was working 41-60 hours (OR, 1.97; P < .01). However, holding an attending or resident position was associated with significantly lower childbearing rates.
Conclusion: Our findings indicate that Women oncologists in LATAM report experiencing higher rates of gender-based inequity and harassment and remain underrepresented in leadership and high-earning roles.
Recomendaciones para el uso de terapia génica y modificadora de enfermedad en niños, niñas y adolescentes con Atrofia Muscular Espinal
(2025) Avila-Smirnow, Daniela; Amarales Osorio, Claudia; Beytía Reyes, María de los Angeles; Cortés Zepeda, Rocío; Erazo Torricelli, Ricardo; Jaque Almendras, Carlos; Lacaux Uribe, Patricio; Lara Mora, Susana; Suárez Squadritto, Bernardita
La Atrofia Muscular Espinal (AME) es una grave enfermedad neurológica autosómica recesiva (1-2/100,000 personas). Se clasifica en tres tipos según la edad de inicio y los hitos motores alcan-zados. Es causada por variantes patogénicas en el gen Survival of Motor Neuron 1 (SMN1), y mo-dificada por el número de copias del gen SMN2. Existen tres fármacos modificadores de la historia natural de la enfermedad, aprobados por entes reguladores: nusinersen, risdiplam y onasemnogene abeparvovec. Objetivo: Establecer recomendaciones para el uso de terapia génica y modificadora de enfermedad para AME. Método: Un panel de 9 neurólogos pediátricos expertos revisó la evidencia disponible y consensuó recomendaciones para el uso de estos fármacos en pacientes con AME. Resul-tados: Se revisaron 21 estudios. Todos los pacientes mantuvieron el estándar de cuidado respiratorio y nutricional. Las tres terapias se asociaron a un mejor pronóstico motor, ventilatorio y sobrevida comparados con placebo o con la historia natural de la enfermedad en pacientes presintomáticos (2-3 copias de SMN2), con AME I (<6 meses y sin ventilación mecánica permanente (VMP)), AME II y III (sin VMP). No se encontraron estudios de alta calidad que demuestren la eficacia de las terapias combinadas, en etapas avanzadas de la enfermedad ni con 0-1 copia de SMN2. Conclusiones: Se recomienda el uso de los tres fármacos en pacientes presintomáticos, con AME I < 6 meses, AME II y AME III, excepto en aquellos con VMP, etapas avanzadas o 0-1 copias de SMN2. El uso de estos fár-macos en pacientes que no cumplan estos criterios debe ser evaluado individualmente por expertos.
Overview of systematic reviews on behavioral determinants of physical activity and healthy eating in schoolchildren
(2025) Duarte, Giuliano; De Oliveira, Adriana; Ferrari, Gerson; Pinheiro Fernandes, Anna Christina; Araneda, Jacqueline; Arancibia, Danáe; Pizarro, Tito
Childhood obesity and poor dietary habits represent significant public health challenges globally. Schools provide a crucial environment for interventions promoting physical activity and healthy eating behaviors due to their extensive reach and influential role in child development. This overview aims to synthesize evidence on the effectiveness of school-based interventions promoting physical activity and healthy eating behaviors among school-aged children, examining the role of behavior change techniques (BCTs) and behavioral determinants influencing their success. This study is an overview of systematic reviews and follows the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions as well as the PRIOR (Preferred Reporting Items for Overviews of Reviews) statement. A literature searches until September 30, 2024, was performed in four electronic databases for this Overview: Cochrane database of systematic reviews, MEDLINE via PubMed, Epistemonikos, and PsycINFO. No language restrictions were imposed. Data were included and extracted from all systematic reviews evaluating interventions implemented in school settings targeting physical activity, healthy eating, or both, in children aged 6-11 years. Two reviewers independently screened the identified articles and extracted data related to the study characteristics, intervention components, behavioral outcomes (e.g., moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, dietary quality), cognitive outcomes (e.g., self-efficacy, knowledge, attitudes), and biological outcomes (e.g., BMI, waist circumference), classifying BCTs using standardized classifications whenever available. The AMSTAR-2 tool was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the included studies. Six systematic reviews, encompassing over 230,000 participants, were included. Multicomponent interventions combining physical activity, dietary education, cognitive strategies, and environmental modifications demonstrated consistent positive outcomes. Effective BCTs frequently identified included goal setting, self-monitoring, restructuring the physical environment, and providing feedback on behavior, especially via digital platforms. While significant improvements were consistently noted in behavioral outcomes such as increased physical activity and improved dietary habits, evidence regarding cognitive and biological outcomes like BMI reduction was moderate yet favorable. Methodological quality varied, with most reviews rated critically low, except for one high-quality Cochrane review. School-based interventions integrating multiple BCTs, particularly goal setting, self-monitoring, feedback, and environmental restructuring, are effective in promoting physical activity and healthy eating among school-aged children. Future interventions should emphasize long-term sustainability, technological integration, and address existing methodological limitations to enhance effectiveness and generalizability. Systematic review registration Registered in PROSPERO CRD42024587296 on September 16, 2024.
Selective bundle reconstruction for partial anterior cruciate ligament tears: High return to sport, excellent long‐term stability and function at 6‐year follow‐up
(2025) Sastre, Sergi; Vasquez, Diego; González, Waldo; Balaguer, Mariano; Popescu, Dragos
Purpose: Partial anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears account for 10%-27% of all ACL injuries. As an alternative to the well-established option of complete reconstruction, selective bundle augmentation has recently been introduced into the repertoire of reconstruction techniques, aiming to preserve remnant tissue and provide superior biological and functional outcomes. The objective of our study is to assess long-term clinical results, complication rates and return to sport after arthroscopic selective bundle reconstruction in patients with partial ACL tears.
Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted. Patients with symptomatic partial ACL tears undergoing arthroscopic selective bundle reconstruction were included. Clinical stability and functional outcomes were assessed using anterior drawer, Lachman, pivot shift, Lysholm, Tegner scales, and a patient satisfaction score based on the Musculoskeletal Outcomes Data Evaluation and Management System scale. Statistical analyses were performed as described.
Results: There was a statistically significant improvement in all stability tests after surgery (p < 0.001). The mean Lysholm score increased from 72.3 to 95.3, and the Tegner activity level from 2.05 to 4.86 (both p < 0.001). A high rate of return to sport was achieved with a low complication and re-injury rate at long-term follow-up.
Conclusions: Arthroscopic selective bundle reconstruction is a safe and effective treatment for partial ACL tears, providing excellent long-term stability, functional recovery and patient satisfaction, with low complication and re-injury rates. These findings support remnant-preserving techniques in selected patients, though further prospective comparative studies are warranted.
Level of evidence: Level III.
Developing and Validating an Automatic Support System for Tumor Coding in Pathology Reports in Spanish
(2025) Villena, Fabián; Báez Benavides, Pablo; Peñafiel, Sergio; Rojas, Matías; Paredes, Inti; Dunstan, Jocelyn
PURPOSE Pathology reports provide valuable information for cancer registries to understand, plan, and implement strategies to mitigate the impact of cancer.
However, coding essential information from unstructured reports is performed by experts in a time-consuming manual process. We developed and validated a
novel two-step automatic coding system that first recognizes tumor morphology and topography mentions from free text and then suggests codes from
the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O) in Spanish.
MATERIALS
AND METHODS
We created an annotated corpus of tumor morphology and topography mentions consisting of 1,101 documents. We combined it with the CANTEMIST
corpus (Cancer Text Mining Shared Task). Specifically, we implemented a named entity recognition (NER) model using the bidirectional long short-term
memory network-conditional random field architecture enhanced with a stacked embedding layer. We applied transfer learning from state-of-the-art
pretrained language models to obtain high-quality contextual representations, thus improving the detection of entities. The mentions found using this model
were subsequently coded using a search engine tailored to the ICD-O codes.
RESULTS Our NER models achieved an F1 score of 0.86 and 0.90 for tumor morphology and topography, respectively. The overall performance of our automatic coding system achieved an accuracy at five suggestions of 0.72 and 0.65 for tumor morphology and topography, respectively.
CONCLUSION These results demonstrate the feasibility of implementing natural language processing tools in the routine of a cancer center to extract and code valuable information from pathology reports. Our recommender system allows reliable and transparent coding at the moment of consultation. This publication shares
the annotated corpus in Spanish, annotation guidelines, and source code to reproduce our experiments.
Evolución de la aplicación del concepto de integración curricular de simulación clínica: Una revisión con foco en el pregrado de carreras de salud
(2025) Torres Suazo, Francisca; Bettancourt González, Marco; Atuez Araya, Catalina; Aravena González, Matías; Plaza Órdenes, Yenny; Vicencio-Clarke, Scarlett; Ramírez-Delgado, Paulina; Armijo-Rivera, Soledad
Dada la importancia que la simulación tiene en los pregrados de salud y a que la forma en qué entendemos los conceptos es un elemento esencial a la hora de implementar la simulación, el objetivo de esta revisión es contestar la siguiente pregunta: ¿Cómo se ha aplicado el concepto de integración curricular en simulación clínica de currículum de pregrado de salud? Material y Método: Se realizó una revisión con foco, con ayuda de una bibliotecaria. Se obtuvo 16 artículos, que fueron
analizados in extenso dado su bajo número, usando como criterio de inclusión que tuvieran resultados de implementación en al menos dos niveles del curriculum. Resultados: Se incluyó 5 artículos en la síntesis conceptual. Todos los reportes analizados provienen de Norteamérica, tres de ellos corresponden a carreras de medicina, uno corresponde a formación de técnicos y el otro a formación de enfermería. Una similitud en los artículos analizados es que las integraciones curriculares
reportadas comparten las competencias procedimentales o de habilidades clínicas básicas con el pensamiento crítico en todos los casos, y de manera indiferente a la profesión que se esté formando.
La integración vertical, según el concepto de Brauer, es un enfoque dominante para planificar simulaciones complejas y progresivas en el plan de estudios de pregrado de salud. Discusión: La descripción y el análisis de los conceptos de integración curricular de simulación en carreras de salud, así como su evaluación y mejora continua a lo largo del tiempo son ámbitos de investigación educativa que requieren mayor información.
Cocaine-induced oronasal communication of the midline of the palate: A case report
(2025) Vergara, María Jesús; Cordero Escalona, Javiera; Veloso, Valentina
Cocaine abuse poses a significant public health challenge, leading to severe systemic and localized complications. Intranasal cocaine use can result in chronic rhinitis, septal perforation, and palatal perforation due to its vasoconstrictive effects, which cause ischemia and tissue necrosis. We present the case of a 44- year-old woman with a 10-month history of palatal perforation, attributed to 12 years of chronic cocaine use, presented with nasal regurgitation, feeding difficulties, and cachexia. Examination revealed a 3 x 2 cm palatal perforation, nasal asymmetry, and a saddle nose deformity. Computerized tomography scans showed extensive nasal septum perforation and sinus mucosal thickening. Initial treatment involved antibiotics for sinusitis, followed by the fabrication of an obturator prosthesis to improve speech and feeding. The chronicity and extent of the palatal and nasal damage illustrates the severe consequences that can arise from sustained abuse. This case highlights not only the physical manifestations but also the challenges in managing such cases, emphasizing the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach. The integration of dental, otolaryngological, and psychological care is crucial for both immediate and long-term management. The main lesson from this case is the importance of comprehensive, patient-centered care that prioritizes stabilization and quality of life while supporting the patient’s path to rehabilitation. Provisional treatment with an obturator prosthesis can provide significant improvement in speech and feeding, providing a viable solution until the patient can maintain abstinence. Conservative management and prosthetic rehabilitation remain effective options, reinforcing the need for individualized, multidisciplinary care strategies.
Tumor testicular de células de la granulosa juvenil en el período neonatal: diagnóstico y manejo a propósito de dos casos clínicos
(2026) Bozzo, Florencia; De la Cuadra, Julieta; Dulanto, Elena
Introducción: El tumor testicular de células de la granulosa juvenil es una neoplasia poco frecuente del estroma de los cordones sexuales, que representa menos del 5% de los tumores testiculares pediátricos. Se caracteriza por un curso clínico benigno y una presentación habitual como masa escrotal indolora en recién nacidos o lactantes. Objetivo: Describir dos casos clínicos de tumor testicular de células de la granulosa juvenil en lactantes, destacando sus características clínicas, hallazgos imagenológicos, confirmación anatomopatológica y manejo terapéutico con énfasis en su diagnóstico diferencial. Metodología: Reporte de dos casos clínicos siguiendo directrices CARE, con análisis clínico, imagenológico e histopatológico, luego de solicitar firma de consentimiento informado a ambos tutores legales. Desarrollo: Se describen dos lactantes con lesiones testiculares sólidoquísticas heterogéneas al estudio ecográfico. Uno presentó marcadores tumorales en rango normal y el otro, elevación de alfafetoproteína. Ambos fueron manejados mediante orquiectomía radical, con buena evolución posterior. El análisis histopatológico e inmunohistoquímico confirmó el diagnóstico de tumor testicular de células de la granulosa juvenil. Discusión: El tumor testicular de células de la granulosa juvenil debe considerarse dentro del diagnóstico diferencial de masas testiculares en lactantes, especialmente frente al tumor de saco vitelino. La edad y la interpretación contextual de los hallazgos clínicos e histopatológicos son fundamentales para el diagnóstico. Aunque la orquiectomía radical sigue siendo el tratamiento estándar, existen enfoques conservadores y terapias emergentes en casos seleccionados. Este reporte refuerza la importancia de su reconocimiento y adecuada correlación clínico-patológica.
Introduction: Juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the testis is a rare neoplasm of the sex cord–stromal tissue, representing less than 5% of pediatric testicular tumors. It is characterized by a benign clinical course and typically presents as a painless scrotal mass in newborns or infants. Objective: To describe two clinical cases of juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the testis in infants, highlighting their clinical features, imaging findings, histopathological confirmation, and therapeutic management, with emphasis on differential diagnosis. Methodology: Report of two clinical cases following CARE guidelines, including clinical, imaging, and histopathological analysis, after obtaining informed consent from both legal guardians. Development: Two infants with heterogeneous solid-cystic testicular
lesions identified on ultrasound are described. One had tumor markers within the normal range, while the other showed elevated alpha-fetoprotein levels. Both were managed with radical orchiectomy and had favorable outcomes. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the diagnosis of juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the testis. Discussion: Juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the testis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of testicular masses in infants, especially in comparison with yolk sac tumor. Age and contextual interpretation of clinical and histopathological findings are essential for diagnosis. Although radical orchiectomy remains the standard treatment, conservative approaches and emerging therapies exist in selected cases. This report reinforces the importance of its recognition and proper clinicopathological correlation.
Empatía y conducta prosocial: Una reflexión desde la neurociencia cognitiva
(2025) Ceric Garrido, Francisco; Tejada, Maria del Carmen
En el ámbito de la neurociencia social contemporánea, la percepción de la naturaleza humana abarca un amplio espectro que va desde el egoísmo hasta la bondad innata. Desde esta perspectiva, se introduce la exploración de la conducta prosocial, la cual se fundamenta en la comprensión de cómo los individuos pueden manifestar comportamientos altruistas o colaborativos a lo largo de un continuo que oscila entre la búsqueda de beneficios propios y el deseo innato de ayudar a los demás. La interrelación entre la conducta prosocial y la empatía se convierte en un punto clave de estudio, ya que ambas dimensiones están intrínsecamente conectadas en la forma en que los individuos interactúan y se relacionan en sociedad. Comprender cómo estas dos facetas se entrelazan permite apreciar mejor la complejidad de la naturaleza humana y su influencia en la dinámica social.
Coexistencia entre necrosis avascular de las cabezas femoral y humeral: Una revisión narrativa exploratoria con características sistemáticas
(2026) Celis, Felipe; Prieto, Isidora; Beltrán, Álvaro; Requena, Jesús; Celis, Pablo
Introducción: La necrosis avascular es una condición caracterizada por muerte de células óseas secundaria a la interrupción del flujo sanguíneo. Afecta principalmente la cabeza femoral y, en menor medida, la humeral, sin embargo, existe escasa evidencia sobre la coexistencia entre ambas localizaciones. Objetivo: Explorar la evidencia disponible y describir patrones clínicos, factores de riesgo y estrategias diagnósticas. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión narrativa exploratoria siguiendo las directrices de la extensión PRISMA-ScR para revisiones sistemáticas. Se buscaron artículos publicados en PubMed de los últimos ocho años mediante términos relacionados con necrosis avascular de las cabezas femoral y humeral. Se incluyeron estudios observacionales y reportes de caso para análisis cualitativo. Resultado: Se incluyeron nueve artículos (seis reportes de caso y tres estudios observacionales). La literatura revisada describió una coexistencia de necrosis avascular de las cabezas femoral y humeral, siendo la cadera el sitio inicial más común. El uso crónico de corticosteroides fue el factor de riesgo predominantemente documentado para ambas localizaciones. La resonancia magnética fue el método diagnóstico descrito de mayor utilidad. Discusión: Los hallazgos sugieren mantener sospecha de compromiso humeral en pacientes con necrosis avascular de cabeza femoral con factores de riesgo sistémicos. Sin embargo, la heterogeneidad de los datos y el carácter retrospectivo de los estudios limitan la interpretación de los resultados. Conclusión: Esta revisión documenta la coexistencia entre necrosis avascular de cabeza femoral y humeral en presencia de factores de riesgo. Se requieren estudios prospectivos con mayor poder estadístico para caracterizar esta relación y orientar estrategias diagnósticas y terapéuticas.
Promoviendo el aprendizaje autorregulado en educación superior: Perspectivas desde la planificación, la enseñanza y la evaluación
(2025) Bruna, Daniela; Sánchez-Oñate, Alejandro Antonio
El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar el impacto de un programa de entrenamiento de docentes universitarios en estrategias de promoción de autorregulación del aprendizaje. Aun cuando la literatura señala diversas estrategias para promoverla, no hay claridad sobre las actividades concretas que realizan los docentes en aula. A través de un enfoque cualitativo, basado en la teoría fundamentada, se implementó un estudio mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a 35 docentes (71.4% mujeres), con una edad media de 41.8 años, de una universidad privada del sur de Chile. Los resultados destacan prácticas de planificación y evaluación que promueven la autorregulación del aprendizaje, las dificultades observadas y la percepción del impacto de estas. Se concluye que el acompañamiento docente en la educación superior es clave para fomentar la autorregulación del aprendizaje y cuáles son las principales barreras para implementar esta práctica, aportando información relevante para el desarrollo de estas competencias.