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Ítem
Bojji: propiciando un abordaje integral y didáctico en la rehabilitación
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Diseño, 2022) Ardiles Herrera, Monserrat; Hurtado, Axel; Reyes, Mauricio
La hipoacusia o pérdida de audición afecta a 350 millones de personas en el mundo, en el caso de Chile es la tercera causa de discapacidad infantil con una incidencia de 1 a 3 cada 1000 nacidos vivos, por lo que la adquisición de implantes cocleares para recuperar la capacidad auditiva es incentivada por el gobierno y es un procedimiento gratuito, teniendo en la actualidad más de 100 implantaciones anuales. La rehabilitación posterior a una cirugía de implantación es clave, ya que la pérdida de audición no sólo es compleja a nivel de habla, sino que también en el desarrollo intelectual, social y emocional. Su progreso depende de diversos factores y en la mayoría de los casos implica una demanda tanto de tiempo como de recursos económicos, esto provocará una recuperación eficaz pero lenta, retrasando procesos auditivos y de comunicación poniendo como actor clave en la recuperación el tiempo de trabajo tanto médico como del entorno familiar. Está investigación busca comprender las necesidades técnicas y de equipamiento en el proceso de rehabilitación posterior a un implante coclear, mediante el estudio de los recursos terapéuticos que propendan a un abordaje integral y vinculante del entorno médico y familiar para una recuperación más eficaz de los niños y así, posibilitar un acompañamiento más sostenido y efectivo de la recuperación post-operatoria
Ítem
Vak: descubriendo las vitaminas
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Diseño, 2022) Echenique Henning, María Jesús; Reyes , Daniela; Williamson, María José
Según el estudio nutricional de la JUNAEB (Junta Nacional de Auxilio Escolar y Becas) hecho en diciembre del año 2020, el 54% de los niños de etapa preescolar en Chile tienen problemas de mal nutrición, por mala distribución de alimentos y bajo de consumo de vitaminas. Junaeb. (2020, 20 de diciembre). Mapa Nutricional de JUNAEB, Chile. Recuperado 28/04/2022 El alimento cumple una función fundamental en la salud de las personas. Por lo que, una ingesta inadecuada de vitaminas diarias para un niño de etapa preescolar (2 a 5 años), le puede llegar a generar problemas de mal nutrición y salud en su vida adulta. Las principales causas de este problema son la falta de información por parte de los padres sobre la importancia de los beneficios y propiedades que tienen las vitaminas en una alimentación. Pero no solo eso, el desconocimiento sobre dónde encontrarlas y las cantidades requeridas según función, dificultan el poder gestionar e implementar su consumo día a día en las comidas.
Por eso, VAK busca visibilizar el consumo consiente y bien distribuido, de las vitaminas diarias requeridas por un niño en etapa preescolar en Chile. A través de VAK, le entregaremos una herramienta al padre para que pueda reconocer las vitaminas (qué alimentos), los beneficios de cada una y que rol cumplen en nuestro organismo (tales como fortalecimiento de dientes, huesos, protección del sistema inmunológico, entre otras). También busca involucrar al niño, de una manera lúdica, haciéndolo partícipes de su alimentación; apoyando el desarrollo de hábitos saludables desde temprana edad y previniendo problemas de salud en su vida (presente y futuro). Se propone un sistema que forme parte de la vida diaria del niño, y lo eduque sobre hábitos saludables en la alimentación.
Ítem
Fungi shelter: sistema de auto cultivo del hongo Pleurotus Ostreatus para situaciones de emergencias humanitarias en los campos de refugiados de Acnur
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Diseño, 2022) López Ferretti, María Fernanda; Tidy , Ian; Lizama, Denisse
Dentro del mundo del Reino Fungi y su variedad de especies se han comprobado diversas funciones beneficiosas que estás contienen y nos aportan a los seres humanos de manera medicinal, como descomponedores de materia orgánica y principalmente nutricional, como lo es la especie Pleurotus Ostreatus también conocido como Hongo Ostra en el cual enfocamos esta investigación destacándose como un super alimento. A lo largo de todo el mundo ocurren frecuentemente crisis humanitarias las cuales afectan de manera directa a las que hoy en día son 26.4 millones de personas que quedan sin hogar de un minuto a otro, por lo que deben recurrir a la ayuda que otorga ACNUR en los campos de refugiados, donde la principal problemática que se debe abarcar son las condiciones nutricionales y alimentarias con las cuales llegan la mayoría de los refugiados y la cual provoca un alto porcentaje de muertes y enfermedades. Es por esto que Pleurotus Ostreatus destaca dentro de sus propiedades nutritivas aportando un alto porcentaje en carbohidratos, proteínas, minerales, vitaminas, micronutrientes , entre otros. Siendo así el propósito de este proyecto crear un sistema de autocultivo de la especie Pleurotus Ostreatus en etapa de fructificación para producir setas comestibles altas en nutrientes brindando una solución rápida y beneficiosa para los campos de refugiados.
Publicación
Hantavirus in humans: a review of clinical aspects and management
(2023) Vial, Pablo; Ferrér, Marcela; Vial, Cecilia; Klingström, Jonas; Ahlm, Clas; López, René; Le Corre, Nicole; Mertz, Gregory
Hantavirus-induced diseases are emerging zoonoses with endemic appearances and frequent outbreaks in different parts of the world. In humans, hantaviral pathology is characterized by the disruption of the endothelial cell barrier followed by increased capillary permeability, thrombocytopenia due to platelet activation/depletion and an overactive immune response. Genetic vulnerability due to certain human leukocyte antigen haplotypes is associated with disease severity. Typically, two different hantavirus-caused clinical syndromes have been reported: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). The primarily affected vascular beds differ in these two entities: renal medullary capillaries in HFRS caused by Old World hantaviruses and pulmonary capillaries in HCPS caused by New World hantaviruses. Disease severity in HFRS ranges from mild, e.g. Puumala virus-associated nephropathia epidemica, to moderate, e.g. Hantaan or Dobrava virus infections. HCPS leads to a severe acute respiratory distress syndrome with high mortality rates. Due to novel insights into organ tropism, hantavirus-associated pathophysiology and overlapping clinical features, HFRS and HCPS are believed to be interconnected syndromes frequently involving the kidneys. As there are no specific antiviral treatments or vaccines approved in Europe or the USA, only preventive measures and public awareness may minimize the risk of hantavirus infection. Treatment remains primarily supportive and, depending on disease severity, more invasive measures (e.g., renal replacement therapy, mechanical ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) are needed.
Publicación
Treatments for non‑small cell lung cancer: a systematic quality assessment of clinical practice guidelines
(2023) Cortés, Marcela; Madera, Meisser; Tirado, Lesbia; Asenjo, Claudia
Aim: To evaluate the methodological quality of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) on treatments for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Methods: We searched MEDLINE, CPG developer websites, lung cancer societies, and oncology organizations to identify CPGs providing recommendations on treatments for NSCLC. The methodological quality for each CPG was determined independently by three appraisers using the AGREE II (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II) instrument.
Results: Twenty-two CPGs met the eligibility criteria. The median scores per AGREE II domain were: scope and purpose 90.7% (64.8-100%), stakeholder involvement 76.9% (27.8-96.3%); rigor of development 80.9% (27.1-92.4%); clarity of presentation 89.8% (50-100%); applicability 46.5% (12.5-87.5%); and editorial independence 91.7% (27.8-100%). Most of the CPGs (54.5%) were rated as "recommended with modifications" for clinical use.
Conclusions: Overall, the methodological quality of CPGs proving recommendations on the management of NSCLC is moderate, but there is still room for improvement in their development and implementation.
Publicación
Long-term airborne particle pollution assessment in the city of Coyhaique, Patagonia, Chile
(2022) Solís, Rafael; Toro A., Richard; Gómez, Luis; Vélez-Pereira, Andrés M.; López, Manuela; Fleming, Zöe; Fierro, Nicolás; Leiva G., Manuel
An air pollution assessment in a small city located in the heart of Chilean Patagonia is presented. Seven years (2014–2020) of PM concentration levels retrieved from two monitoring stations permits an evaluation of the city’s pollution variability, the effect of meteorological variables and long-term trends of air pollution. The highest PM concentration levels observed during the coldest months are mainly related to an increasing emission associated with the intensive use of firewood for residential heating and cooking. The most polluted days are associated with low temperatures, low wind speed and high PM2.5/PM10 ratios, which is consistent with the predominance of local firewood sources over background emissions. A decrease in both PM fractions over time has been estimated (PM10: -4.1, CI99%: − 5.7 to − 2.9 and PM2.5: -2.2, CI99%: − 3.5 to − 1.3 μg m− 3 year− 1 ). However, the annual average PM mass concentrations in Coyhaique exceeded both national and international air quality thresholds. The city reported a percent of annual exceedances of the daily WHO guidelines of 57% for PM10 and 77% for PM2.5. These numbers highlight the serious air pollution problem of the city of Coyhaique, which exhibits air pollution levels comparable to those of many polluted megacities in the world.
Publicación
Photochemical sensitivity to emissions and local meteorology in Bogotá, Santiago, and São Paulo: An analysis of the initial COVID-19 lockdowns
(2022) Seguel, Rodrigo J.; Gallardo, Laura; Osses, Mauricio; Rojas, Néstor Y.; Nogueira, Thiago; Menares, Cmilo; Andrade, María Fátima; Belalcázar, Luis C.; Carrasco, Paula; Eskes, Henk; Fleming, Zöe; Huneeus, Nicolás; Ibarra-Espinosa, Sergio; Landulfo, Eduardo; Leiva, Manuel; Mangones, Sonia C.; ernando G. Morais8 , Gregori A. Moreira11, Nicola´ s Pantoja3 , Santiago Parraguez1,12, Jhojan P. Rojas13, Roberto Rondanelli1,2, Izabel da Silva Andrade8 , Richard Toro9 ,; Moreira, Gregori A.; Pantoja, Nicolás; Parraguez, Santiago; Rojas, Jhojan P.; Rondanelli, Roberto; Silva Andrade, Izabel da; Toro, Richard; Yoshida, Alexandre C.
This study delves into the photochemical atmospheric changes reported globally during the pandemic by analyzing the change in emissions from mobile sources and the contribution of local meteorology to ozone (O3) and particle formation in Bogotá (Colombia), Santiago (Chile), and São Paulo (Brazil). The impact of mobility reductions (50%–80%) produced by the early coronavirus-imposed lockdown was assessed through high-resolution vehicular emission inventories, surface measurements, aerosol optical depth and size, and satellite observations of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) columns. A generalized additive model (GAM) technique was also used to separate the local meteorology and urban patterns from other drivers relevant for O3 and NO2 formation. Volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) decreased significantly due to motorized trip reductions. In situ nitrogen oxide median surface mixing ratios declined by 70%, 67%, and 67% in Bogotá, Santiago, and São Paulo, respectively. NO2 column medians from satellite observations decreased by 40%, 35%, and 47%, respectively, which was consistent with the changes in mobility and surface mixing ratio reductions of 34%, 25%, and 34%. However, the ambient NO2 to NOx ratio increased, denoting a shift of the O3 formation regime that led to a 51%, 36%, and 30% increase in the median O3 surface mixing ratios in the 3 respective cities. O3 showed high sensitivity to slight temperature changes during the pandemic lockdown period analyzed. However, the GAM results indicate that O3 increases were mainly caused by emission changes. The lockdown led to an increase in the median of the maximum daily 8-h average O3 of between 56% and 90% in these cities.
Publicación
Factores pronósticos que influyen en los resultados de tratamiento de la periimplantitis: Una revisión sistemática
(2023) Sánchez, Camila; Asenjo, Claudia; Jofré, Jorge
Objetivo: Esta revisión sistemática tiene como objetivo identificar los factores pronósticos y/o determinantes del éxito del tratamiento de la periimplantitis.
Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica estructurada y exhaustiva para identificar referencias relevantes en las bases de datos MEDLINE (PubMed), Scielo y Springerlik. La estrategia de búsqueda se realizó combinando los términos periimplantitis con factores pronósticos y / o determinantes del éxito del tratamiento como MeSH y texto libre combinando con los operadores booleanos AND y OR. Se utilizó la clasificación de SIGN (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network) para analizar el nivel de evidencia.
Resultados: De los 239 artículos revisados, 17 cumplieron con los criterios de selección para el análisis cualitativo de la evidencia.
Conclusiones: El tipo de implante (macro y microgeometría) y la morfología del defecto, los cuales dificulta el acceso a las superficies contaminadas, son factores que influyen en el resultado del tratamiento de la periimplantitis. No hay evidencia sobre el método de descontaminación más eficaz. Las condiciones generales como la diabetes mellitus y la presencia de enfermedad periodontal activa afectan el resultado del tratamiento, así como la frecuencia de un programa de mantención de higiene profesional postquirúrgica, la cual mejora la sobrevida del implante.
Objective: This systematic review aimed at identifying prognostic factors influencing periimplantitis treatment outcomes.
Materials and methods: A structured and comprehensive literature search was performed to identify relevant references from MEDLINE (PubMed), Scielo and Springerlik databases. The search strategy was carried out combining the search terms periimplantitis with prognostic factors and/or determinants of treatment success as MeSH and free text combining with the boolean logical operators AND and OR. The SIGN (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network) was used to analyze the level of evidence.
Results: From 239 articles reviewed, 18 fulfilled the selection criteria for the qualitative analysis of the evidence.
Conclusions: The type of implant (macro and microgeometry) and the defect morphology, which make access to contaminated surfaces difficult, are factors that influence the outcome of peri-implantitis treatment. There is no evidence on the most effective decontamination method. General conditions such as diabetes mellitus and the presence of active periodontal disease affect the outcome of the treatment. as Also, the frequency of a post-surgical professional hygiene maintenance program improves the dental implant survival post-treatment
Publicación
Mental training in dentistry: A scoping review
(2023) Jofré, Jorge; Michel, Manuel; Quintana, Paula; Fuentes, Jeannette; Conrady, Yuri; Valenzuela, Daniela; Asenjo, Claudia
Introduction: Clinical motor skills are essential to train dental students. There is evidence that imagery serves to acquire and improve motor skills, but there is scarce information on its application in dental education. In order to broadly map the available evidence and to detect knowledge gaps in the mental training used to develop motor skills in dentistry, a scoping review was conducted.
Materials and methods: A structured search was conducted to identify relevant references from the Web of Science, Scopus and MEDLINE/PubMed databases for studies addressing mental training methods applied to develop motor skills in dentistry.
Results: A total of 758 articles were screened and four were selected, all of which were randomized clinical trials. Three studies investigated the effectiveness of visual imagery, and one investigated kinesthetic imagery. The research theme identified was motor skill acquisition.
Conclusion: The reviewed studies indicate the usefulness of mental training for skill acquisition in dentistry. To improve the generalizability of the results, further research with standardized mental training on motor skills in dentistry is needed.
Publicación
Impact of mining on the metal content of dust in indigenous villages of northern Chile
(2022) Zanetta-Colombo, Nicolás; Fleming, Zöe; Gayo, Eugenia M.; Manzano, Carlos A.; Panagi, Marios; Valdés, Jorge; Siegmund, Alexander
Indigenous communities from northern Chile have historically been exposed to the impacts of massive copper industrial activities conducted in the region. Some of the communities belonging to the Alto El Loa Indigenous Development Area are located less than 10 km from the “Talabre'' tailings dam, which contains residues from copper production and other metals that can be toxic to human health (e.g., As, Sb, Cd, Mo, Pb). Given the increasing demand of copper production to achieve net-zero emission scenarios and concomitant expansions of the tailings, the exposure to toxic metals is a latent risk to local communities. Despite the impact that copper production could generate on ancestral communities from northern Chile, studies and monitoring are limited and the results are often not made accessible for local communities. Here, we evaluate such risks by characterizing metal concentrations in dust collected from roofs and windows of houses from the Alto El Loa area. Our results showed that As, Sb, Cd, Cu, Mo, Ag, S, and Pb concentrations in these matrices can be connected to local copper mining activities. Additionally, air transport models indicate that high concentrations of toxic elements (As, Sb, and Cd) can be explained by the atmospheric transport of particles from the tailings in a NE direction up to 50 km away. Pollution indices and Health Risk Assessment suggested a highly contaminated region with a health risk for its inhabitants. Our analysis on a local scale seeks to make visible the case of northern Chile as a critical territory where actions should be taken to mitigate the effects of mining in the face of this new scenario of international demand for the raw materials necessary for the transition to a net-zero carbon global society.