Repositorio Institucional
Nuestra plataforma Reúne, conserva y difunde la producción intelectual en formato digital de estudiantes, académicos e investigadores de la Universidad del Desarrollo. Es una plataforma web colaborativa diseñada y administrada por el Sistema de Bibliotecas, en el que participan las unidades académicas como proveedoras de contenido, ejerciendo el rol de editor en su respectiva “comunidad” Leer Más...
¿Qué estás buscando?
Recent Submissions
Satellite quantification of methane emissions from South American countries: a high-resolution inversion of TROPOMI and GOSAT observations
(2025) Hancock, Sarah E.; Jacob, Daniel J.; Chen, Zichong; Nesser,Hannah; Davitt, Aaron; Varon, Daniel J.; Sulprizio, Melissa P.; Balasus, Nicholas; Estrada, Lucas A.; Cazorla, María; Dawidowski, Laura; Diez, Sebastián; East, James D.; Penn, Elise; Randles, Cynthia A.; Worden, John; Aben, Ilse; Parker, Robert J.; Maasakkers, Joannes D.
We use 2021 TROPOMI and GOSAT satellite observations of atmospheric methane in an analytical inversion to quantify national methane emissions from South America at up to 25km×25km resolution.
From the inversion, we derive optimal posterior estimates of methane emissions, adjusting a combination of national anthropogenic emission inventories reported by individual countries to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the UNFCCC-based Global Fuel Exploitation Inventory (GFEIv2), and the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGARv7) as prior estimates. We also evaluate two alternative wetland emission inventories (WetCHARTs and LPJ-wsl) as prior estimates. Our best posterior estimates for wetland emissions are consistent with previous inventories for the Amazon but lower for the Pantanal and higher for the Paraná. Our best posterior estimate of South American anthropogenic emissions is 48 (41–56)Tga−1, where numbers in parentheses are the range from our inversion ensemble. This is 55% higher than our prior estimate and is dominated by livestock (65% of anthropogenic total). We find that TROPOMI and GOSAT observations can effectively optimize and separate national emissions by sector for 10
of the 13 countries and territories in the region, 7 of which account for 93% of continental anthropogenic emissions: Brazil (19 (16–23)Tga−1), Argentina (9.2 (7.9–11)Tga−1), Venezuela (7.0 (5.5–9.9)Tga−1), Colombia (5.0 (4.4–6.7)Tga−1), Peru (2.4 (1.6–3.9)Tga−1), Bolivia (0.96 (0.66–1.2)Tga−1), and Paraguay (0.93 (0.88 1.0) Tga−1). Our estimates align with the prior estimates for Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay but are significantly higher for other countries. Emissions in all countries are dominated by livestock (mainly enteric fermentation) except for oil–gas in Venezuela and landfills in Peru. Methane intensities from the oil–gas industry are high in Venezuela (33%), Colombia (6.5%), and Argentina (5.9%). The livestock sector shows the largest difference
Optimization of Water and Land Allocation in Fruit Orchards over a 20-Year Period
(2025) Quezada, Luciano; Holzapfel Eduardo; Kuschel-Otárola, Mathias; Lillo-Saavedra, Mario; Rivera, Diego; Souto, Camilo; Lagos, Octavio; Palma, Diego
This study proposes a nonlinear programming model for the optimization of water and land allocation in a 1000 ha orchard over a 20-year period to maximize farmers’ net profits. Different scenarios were evaluated, including equitable and unrestricted land allocation, and the risks associated with fruit production were considered. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis that focused on the variability of labor and water availability was conducted. The results reveal that with equitable land allocations and no constraints on the cultivated area, cherry emerges as the most profitable crop, although there are large risks associated with its price volatility. The introduction of risk and land allocation constraints highlights the importance of crop diversification in mitigating economic risks. A sensitivity analysis indicated that reductions in water and labor availability significantly affect the optimal cropping pattern of an orchard, suggesting that the efficient and adaptive management of resources is required. The proposed optimal cropping pattern maintains the economic viability of the orchard even with 70% and 24% reductions in water and labor, respectively. This approach underscores the importance of implementing resilient and sustainable agricultural strategies to ensure food security and increase economic stability in the face of changing climatic and labor conditions.
Management of Cervicofacial Necrotizing Fasciitis of Peritonsillar Origin: A Case Report
(2025) Tapia Contreras, Pedro; Matus-Miranda, Gustavo; Zeballos-Cofré, Jessica; Carvajal-Guzmán, Melissa; Jollán, Florencia; Díaz-Abarza, Sofía
Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a rare, rapidly progressing, and severe infection of subcutaneous tissues and muscle fascia that can be fatal. It causes rapid tissue necrosis through pathogen-induced vasoconstriction and thrombosis. While commonly found in the torso, abdomen, and limbs, it rarely affects the head and neck. Effective treatment includes early diagnosis, surgery, antibiotics, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy, though mortality remains high. A 40-year-old man with a history of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (DM) presented with increased volume, erythema, and cramps in the cervical and upper thoracic area. The main diagnosis was NF, requiring surgical debridement of the affected tissue. Despite therapeutic efforts, the patient succumbed to sepsis and multiple organ failure. NF is a life-threatening infection with a very low incidence but a high mortality rate. Cervical NF often arises from odontogenic infections and is associated with systemic factors like diabetes and obesity. Early diagnosis is challenging, but Computed tomography (CT) and the Laboratory risk indicator score for necrotizing fasciitis (LRINEC) score are essential. Effective treatment includes surgical debridement, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. NF remains a critical condition with high mortality, underscoring the need for early recognition and aggressive treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes.
Surgically Treated Maxillofacial Fractures in Dr. Franco Ravera Zunino Hospital in Chile: a Retrospective Study of 5 Years Experience
(2025) Tapia Contreras, Pedro; Matus-Miranda, Gustavo; Molinare-Severino, Pablo; Zeballos-Cofré, Jessica; Moreno-Zárate, José; Matamoros-Rojo, Cristian; Sepúlveda-Quezada, Ricardo; Jollán, Florencia; Díaz-Abarza, Sofía
Maxillofacial trauma is one of the fields of surgical activity in our specialty and constitutes a relevant problem in highly complex hospitals, the presence of our specialists being essential within an interdisciplinary team for the resolution of this type of pathology. An adequate management and early treatment is essential from the moment the patient is admitted, without leaving aside the sequelae and the subsequent rehabilitation work for the work and daily reinsertion of the patients. The purpose of this work is to present the experience of the Maxillofacial Surgery team of the Rancagua Hospital in the surgical resolution of 320 maxillofacial fractures with a retrospective review of 5 years. A study was carried out with analysis of the surgical protocols of patients operated on for maxillofacial trauma, in the central pavilion, under general anesthesia, in a period of 5 years. The variables analyzed were diagnosis, age, sex, compromised facial third, type of fracture, approaches used, and type of rigid internal fixation. 368 surgical procedures were performed. The average age of the operated patients was 36 years, with a predominance of the male sex (80.4 %), the middle third was the most affected (49.1 %) followed by fractures of the lower third of the face (35.5 %). It is necessary to develop epidemiological investigations of these pathologies in order to obtain demographic conclusions and contribute to unifying diagnostic and treatment criteria, thus establishing efficient prevention and treatment policies in relation to each service and as a whole at the public health level.
Influencia vertical del contacto prematuro en la determinación de la relación oclusal de modelos articulados
(2025) Deck-Glaves, Bárbara; Belkner-Cinquemani, Mark; Casamitjana-Schiappacasse, Francisca; Buchi-Velázquez, Agustina; Herrera-Muñoz, Alisson
El estudio de la oclusión ha sido un tema de gran interés durante años y conocer los problemas relacionados es esencial para la ortodoncia.
Objetivo:
Este estudio busca cuantificar el efecto vertical y sagital interoclusal producido por un aumento de contacto prematuro de 0.5mm y 1mm en modelos de estudio y analizado según biotipo facial y clase esqueletal.
Materiales y métodos:
Fueron estudiados 30 modelos de pacientes, los cuales fueron montados en relación céntrica en articulador semiajustable. Se hicieron incrementos verticales sobre la superficie completa del contacto prematuro, mediante bloques de resina y fueron escaneados en oclusión, para luego compararlos en sentido vertical y sagital en software Blender.
Resultados:
Existe diferencia significativa en los cambios producidos tanto a nivel vertical como sagital. El mayor cambio observado fue en sentido sagital anterior en biotipo dolicofacial. No se encontró diferencia significativa al analizar el total de la muestra según biotipo facial ni clase esqueletal.
Conclusión:
Un aumento selectivo de la dimensión vertical del contacto prematuro, sí influye en la relación vertical y sagital interoclusal.
Recomendaciones chilenas para poligrafía respiratoria en pediatría. Sociedad Chilena de Neumología Pediátrica, Sociedad Chilena de Enfermedades Respiratorias y Sociedad Chilena de Medicina del Sueño
(2025) Zenteno Araos, Daniel; Brockmann Veloso, Pablo; Abara Elías, Selim; Bertrán Salinas, Katalina; Oyarzún Aguirre, Ignacio; Nayar Escobar, Stefhanie; Astudillo Maggio, Claudia; Campos Olmedo, Carolina; Escobar Adaros, Pía; Navarro Riquelme, Juan Andrés; Moya-Isammitt, Ana; Torres-Puebla, Gerardo; Moscoso Altamira, Gonzalo; Farbinger Pérez, Franz; Alarcón Grandón, Ricardo; Hernández Gómez, Alejandra
Los Trastornos Respiratorios del Sueño (TRS) son muy prevalentes y se encuentran subdiagnosticados en la población pediátrica. La prueba de referencia para el diagnóstico y su categorización es la polisomnografia (PSG), cuyo acceso es limitado en nuestro medio. Por esto, la poligrafia (PG) es una alternativa más accesible y versátil, que contribuye a disminuir la brecha diagnóstica de los TRS a nivel local. En estas recomendaciones, los autores, miembros de la Sociedad Chilena de Neumología Pediátrica (SOCHINEP), Sociedad Chilena de Enfermedades Respiratorias (SER-Chile) y la Sociedad Chilena de Medicina del Sueño (SOCHIMES) se plantearon como objetivo establecer directrices para el uso de PG en pediatría. Se profundiza sobre aspectos técnicos, aspectos prácticos e interpretación; incluyendo comentarios específicos sobre poblaciones especiales como menores de 3 meses, hospitalizados en unidades críticas, pacientes con enfermedades neuromusculares, obesidad, malformaciones craneo-faciales y ventilados crónicos. De esta forma, se establecen recomendaciones aplicables para todo Chile en el uso de la PG como una herramienta confiable y estandarizada en diferentes escenarios clínicos en pediatría.
Interpretable machine learning model for characterizing magnetic susceptibility-based biomarkers in first episode psychosis
(2025) Franco, Pamela; Montalba, Cristian; Caulier, Raúl; Milovic, Carlos; González, Alfonso; Ramirez, Juan; Undurraga, Juan; Salas, Rodrigo; Crossley, Nicolás; Tejos, Cristian; Uribe, Sergio
Background and purpose: Several studies have shown changes in neurochemicals within the deep-brain nuclei of patients with psychosis. These alterations indicate a dysfunction in dopamine within subcortical regions affected by fluctuations in iron concentrations. Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) is a method employed to measure iron concentration, offering a potential means to identify dopamine dysfunction in these subcortical areas. This study employed a random forest algorithm to predict susceptibility features of the First-Episode Psychosis (FEP) and the response to antipsychotics using Shapley Additionality Explanation (SHAP) values.
Methods: 3D multi-echo Gradient Echo (GRE) and T1-weighted GRE were obtained in 61 healthy-volunteers (HV) and 76 FEP patients (32 % Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia (TRS) and 68 % treatment-Responsive Schizophrenia (RS)) using a 3T Philips Ingenia MRI scanner. QSM and R2* were reconstructed and averaged in twenty-two segmented regions of interest. We used a Sequential Forward Selection as a feature selection algorithm and a Random Forest as a model to predict FEP patients and their response to antipsychotics. We further applied the SHAP framework to identify informative features and their interpretations. Finally, multiple correlation patterns from magnetic susceptibility parameters were extracted using hierarchical clustering.
Results: Our approach accurately classifies HV and FEP patients with 76.48 ± 10.73 % accuracy (using four features) and TRS vs RS patients with 76.43 ± 12.57 % accuracy (using four features), using 10-fold stratified cross-validation. The SHAP analyses indicated the top four nonlinear relationships between the selected features. Hierarchical clustering revealed two groups of correlated features for each study.
Conclusions: Early prediction of treatment response enables tailored strategies for FEP patients with treatment resistance, ensuring timely and effective interventions.
Mechanical Instability After Civilian Thoracolumbar Gunshot Injuries: A Systematic Review to Support Classification Development
(2025) Ricciardi, Guillermo; Cirillo, Ignacio; Cabrera, Juan; Alvarenga, Otávio; Neves, Emiliano; Carazzo, Charles; Dittmar, Michael; Guiroy, Alfredo; Yurac, Ratko; Schroeder, Gregory
Study DesignSystematic Review.ObjectivesIdentify risk factors for mechanical instability in thoracolumbar gunshot wounds to develop a new classification system.MethodsA systematic review following PRISMA 2020 guidelines was conducted across multiple databases from January 1, 1990, to September 12, 2024 (PROSPERO: CRD42023458804).ResultsOf 2400 records, 33 studies (3195 patients) met inclusion criteria, mostly retrospective and single-center, with varying definitions of instability. Direct comparison was limited due to clinical heterogeneity. Only 12 studies defined mechanical instability, mainly using the Denis three-column theory. Instability was reported in less than 10% of cases, except for one higher-rate outlier. The main markers included vertebral body comminution and potential ligamentous injury. Management was mainly conservative, with a low fixation rate (1.5-9.7%). Imaging relied on CT and static X-rays, with some studies advocating for dynamic radiographs.ConclusionThere is a lack of standardized definitions for mechanical instability in civilian thoracolumbar gunshot injuries. Four recurrent unstable patterns were detected, with vertebral body comminution as the most consistent marker. The need for a standardized classification system and further prospective studies is evident.
Intervenciones psicoeducativas que facilitan la adaptación del box dental y la aplicación de odontología preventiva de niños y adolescentes con Trastorno del Espectro Autista
(2025) Señor Zapata, María Fernanda; Narváez, Carmen Gloria; Hernández Reeve, María Alejandra
Actualmente Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) no se define como un solo trastorno, sino un conjunto de estos. Estos individuos tienen un desarrollo atípico: alteraciones en las funciones cerebrales ejecutivas como en la interacción social, comunicación verbal-no verbal y la conducta, actividades e intereses. El especialista en odontología pediátrica debe entender el trasfondo de las características de los individuos con este trastorno y conocer las herramientas existentes para proveer una atención odontológica de calidad adaptada a las necesidades de ellos. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las estrategias psicoeducativas facilitadoras de la adaptación del box dental y la aplicación de odontología preventiva en niños y adolescentes con TEA. Se realizó una revisión sistemática narrativa con una búsqueda en la base de datos Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science y Wiley, de artículos relacionados publicados entre los años 2015 y 2023. De un total preliminar, después de realizado los filtros correspondientes, se llegó a un total de 19 artículos seleccionados para esta revisión. Estas intervenciones incluyen Pedagogia Visual, pictogramas, imágenes, tecnología como tablets e imágenes digitales, historias visuales, SADE, PECS y terapia Sensorial. El tratamiento con cualquiera de las técnicas facilitadoras antes mencionadas son tratamientos largos que necesitan múltiples sesiones tanto en el box odontológico como en la instrucción de técnica de cepillado para lograr el éxito. Destaca la necesidad del trabajo intersectorial entre salud y educación, especialmente en el campo de la odontología preventiva, para lograr una atención menos costosa, ya sea para el Estado o para los propios cuidadores, evitando procedimientos riesgosos de elevado costo como es la atención bajo anestesia general.
Community-Based Rehabilitation and Patient-Centered Outcomes in Survivors of Critical COVID-19 Attending an Intensive Care Recovery Clinic
(2025) González, Felipe; Haezebrouck , Evan; Fresenko, Lindsey; Sevin, Carla; Slone, Stacey; Montgomery, Ashley; Kalema, Anna; Ginoza, Lori; Martinez, Clarisa; Martinez, Clarisa; Biehl, Michelle; Kelley, Soibhan; Johnson, Joshua; Mar, Matthew; Mayer, Kirby
Objective: To examine the occurrence of physical and cognitive impairments among survivors of critical coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) who attend an intensive care unit (ICU) recovery clinic and describe their utilization of community-based rehabilitation (physical and occupational therapy).
Design: Retrospective, observational cohort study and multisite practice analysis.
Setting: ICU recovery clinics at 4 academic medical centers.
Participants: Adults (median age 56 [interquartile range, {IQR}, 47-64] years, 60% female) surviving acute respiratory failure caused by COVID-19 who required advanced respiratory support.
Main outcome measures: Six-minute walk test (6MWT) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA).
Results: Patients attended the ICU recovery clinic (n=163) in a median of 43 (IQR, 30-60) days after discharge. Ninety-four patients (58%) participated in at least 1 community-based rehabilitation session, 52 (32%) never participated, and 17 (10%) did not have data available. Patients walked a median [IQR] of 282 [150-390] meters on the 6MWT, and the median Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score was 8 [4-11] with 63% of patients classified as physically frail (score ≤9/12). The median MoCA score was 26 [22-27], with 37% at least mild cognitive impairment (score of ≤26). Among patients who were driving before ICU admission, 44% had not returned to driving after hospitalization, and an additional 21% reported driving with new limitations. Patients who participated in at least 1 community-based rehabilitation session had longer ICU lengths of stay as well as worse performance on the 6MWT and SPPB at discharge compared with individuals not receiving postdischarge rehabilitation (P<.001).
Conclusions: Survivors of acute respiratory failure caused by critical COVID-19 who attended an ICU recovery clinic are at high risk of physical and/or cognitive impairments. Two-thirds of survivors participated in physical or occupational therapy at home or an outpatient center after hospital discharge. Patients with longer lengths of stay and more physical impairments at discharge are more likely to participate in community-based rehabilitation interventions.
Therapeutic Alternatives of Buccal Mucosa Grafting in Extraoral Reconstructions: a Case of Fournier's Gangrene
(2025) Tapia Contreras, Pedro; Sarzosa Enrriquez, Marcelo; Matus-Miranda, Gustavo; Pizzi Lazo, Pablo; Díaz-Abarza, Sofía; Jollán, Florencia
Buccal mucosal grafts are versatile in medical practice, documented minimally despite potential in otolaryngology, ophthalmology, dermatology, plastic surgery and urology. They offer advantages such as being hairless, easily obtained, and infection-resistant, with a thin, highly vascularized epithelial layer aiding absorption and reducing contracture risk. Complications from oral donor sites, like pain and sensory changes, are known, relevant in conditions such as Fournier's gangrene, necessitating urgent surgical intervention and often reconstruction. We present a case report of a 45-year-old male with Fournier's gangrene treated jointly by urology and maxillofacial surgery. Buccal mucosal grafts were harvested from the inner cheek mucosa for simultaneous urethral reconstruction. The procedure preserved the parotid duct, obtaining a graft comprising mucosal, submucosal, and glandular tissues, applied to the urethral defect with bovine dermis coverage. Postoperative recovery was uneventful, with successful catheter removal in 2 weeks and complete donor site healing in 6 months. Buccal mucosal grafts prove effective in complex reconstruction, offering structural integrity and minimal morbidity. Despite challenges like graft contraction and limited tissue availability in severe cases, buccal mucosal grafts are favored for reliability and patient satisfaction in reconstructive needs, notably urethral reconstruction. The evidence shows a high success rate in most of the uses of buccal mucosal grafts, so it is recommended as an effective and safe graft for extraoral reconstructions, particularly urethral reconstruction, where the Maxillofacial Surgeon is part of the interdisciplinary team. Awareness of potential complications and procedural limitations ensures optimal outcomes and patient care.
MPOX como imitador clínico de molusco contagioso
(2025) Navea, Oscar; Pérez-Wilson, Jaime; Calderón, Daniela; Navea, María Belén
Paciente masculino de 34 años consultó por lesiones genitales de 2 días de evolución luego de un contacto sexual 8 días antes. El examen físico reveló tres pápulas blanquecinas y umbilicadas en glande, prepucio y pubis; y una úlcera en prepucio. Las pruebas iniciales resultaron negativas, pero una prueba de PCR confirmó infección por MPOX. El MPOX es una enfermedad zoonótica, con alza de contagios desde el 2016 y un brote declarado emergencia de salud pública en 2022. La transmisión principal ocurre a través de contacto directo con secreciones o lesiones, afectando principalmente a hombres que tienen sexo con hombres. Destacamos la posibilidad de confusión diagnóstica con el molusco contagioso, especialmente en etapas iniciales. En Chile, se han reportado 1.441 casos confirmados de MPOX, siendo este uno de los pocos casos reportados en la literatura con presentación inicial de lesiones molusco-contagioso-like en el área genital
Muscle Dysfunction and Physical Recovery After Critical Illness
(2025) Mart, Matthew F.; Gordon, Joshua I.; González-Seguel, Felipe; Mayer, Kirby P.; Brummel, Nathan
During critical illness, patients experience significant and rapid onsets of muscle wasting and dysfunction with loss of strength, mass, and power. These deficits often persist long after the ICU, leading to impairments in physical function including reduced exercise capacity and increased frailty and disability. While there are numerous studies describing the epidemiology of impaired muscle and physical function in the ICU, there are significantly fewer data investigating mechanisms of prolonged and persistent impairments in ICU survivors. Additionally, while several potential clinical risk factors associated with poor physical recovery have been identified, there remains a dearth of interventions that have effectively improved outcomes long-term among survivors. In this article, we aim to provide a thorough, evidence-based review of the current state of knowledge regarding muscle dysfunction and physical function after critical illness with a focus on post-ICU and post-hospitalization phase of recovery.
Longitudinal changes in striatocortical connectivity in first-episode psychosis associated with the emergence of treatment resistance
(2025) Tepper, Angeles; Vásquez, Javiera; Díaz, Camila; Ramirez, Juan; Aguirre, Juan; Barbagelata, Daniella; Aceituno, David; Undurraga, Juan; Nachar, Ruben; Mena, Cristian; McCutcheon, Robert; McGuire, Philip; Gonzalez, Alfonso; Crossley, Nicolas
Treatment resistance affects up to one in four individuals with psychosis in the first few years of illness. However, there is limited information about the brain changes associated with treatment resistance, restricting our ability to develop effective prognostic biomarkers or new treatments. Using resting-state functional MRI, we examined striatocortical connectivity in 87 patients who presented a non-affective first-episode of psychosis and 118 healthy controls, with follow-up imaging on more than half of the participants in the next 6 years, totaling 361 images. Crucially, we identified 30 patients who presented treatment-resistant psychosis in this follow-up period. Thus, we examined baseline (at first episode) and longitudinal striatocortical differences within psychosis subgroups (treatment-responsive and treatment-resistant psychosis), and between patients subgroups and healthy controls. Compared to healthy controls, participants with treatment-responsive psychosis presented baseline differences in functional connectivity of ventral striatal systems, without changes over time; whereas patients with treatment-resistant psychosis showed both baseline and longitudinal differences in ventral striatal systems, compared to healthy controls. Treatment-responsive and treatment-resistant psychosis groups differed in longitudinal changes in connectivity between ventral striatal and temporal cortical regions. This is one of the circuits which has been previously related to symptom improvements in patients with first-episode of psychosis. No baseline differences were observed between the two psychosis groups. Overall, treatment-resistant psychosis is characterized by longitudinal changes in striatal systems in early psychosis, which might be used as the basis of future prognostic biomarkers.
Changes in teachers' constructivist beliefs from teacher education programs into the first years teaching in Chile
(2025) Ortúzar, Soledad; Driscoll, Trevor; Mondaca-Rojas, Carlos
Teaching effectiveness can be improved by understanding what shapes teachers' beliefs and attitudes. This study focuses on constructivist beliefs, which are considered to foster quality, student- centered instruction. The study analyzes the extent to which early career teachers hold constructivist beliefs and how these beliefs may change from when they are studying in their teacher education programs to when they begin teaching in Chilean schools. The study uses a mixed-method explanatory sequentia design with a sample of 101 beginning teachers in schools. They were surveyed twice: once when they were in the final years of their teacher education programs, and again in their first years of teaching. Their orientation towards constructivist beliefs decreased, but there are differences in the results depending on the background characteristics of the teachers, the teacher education program characteristics, the teachers' beliefs, and the characteristics of the school where they started teaching.
Designing freedom: Allende, Pinochet and the twin experiments in cyber-socialism and neoliberalism
(2025) Lehto, Otto; Paniagua, Pablo
During the twentieth century, cybernetics became entangled with the socialistand neoliberal transformations in Latin America. Both socialists and market lib-erals appealed to cybernetic ideas about multi-level decentralization and adaptivecontrol to coordinate society and promote welfare. By analyzing Chile as a casestudy, we explore the twin experiments of cyber-socialism and neoliberalismrooted in modernism and oscillating between top-down design and partial (con-strained) decentralization. We show that the modernist and cybernetic ideas of‘designing freedom’ influenced the Allende administration (1970–1973) and thePinochet regime (1973–1990). The former experimented with cyber-socialismthrough Project Cybersyn, and the latter with authoritarian neoliberalism. Focus-ing on the work of cybernetic scholars Stafford Beer and F.A. Hayek, we compareboth regimes’ different but partially overlapping approaches to the design of con-strained freedom. Several features of modernist thinking and cybernetics explainboth experiments’ appeal and shortcomings. These lessons are relevant for con-temporary debates about the future of liberal democracy, the information societyand the compatibility of freedom with artificial intelligence (AI).
Sobre el arraigo: Heidegger y el habitar poético
(2025) Villarino Fresno, Pedro
Para la crítica heideggeriana, el devenir de la metafísica tradicional ha supuesto un «olvido del ser», a partir del cual se ha seguido una pérdida de arraigo en la tierra por parte del hombre. En los escritos tardíos de Martin Heidegger asomaría el vínculo entre el advenimiento del «pensar calculador y tecnificador», sello característico de la Modernidad, y la imposibilidad de poder erigir un habitar originario y propiamente humano. Desde el Heidegger de Ser y tiempo es posible comenzar a vislumbrar que la posibilidad de revitalizar un arraigo que se condiga con la esencia misma del Dasein, y desde allí enarbolar una ética para con las cosas y el mundo, se revela en su misma vida diaria, el espacio desde donde el hombre puede re-fundar su manera de estar-en-el-mundo. De forma complementaria, pensadores contemporáneos como Byung Chul-Han han reivindicado no solo la serenidad heideggeriana, sino también la inactividad, el resguardo de los ritos y la apertura al reconocimiento del otro de cara a la construcción de dicho arraigo. El siguiente artículo busca abrir la reflexión hacia las raíces en las que se sienta nuestro «estar-en», reconociendo en ello la dimensión sagrada que subyace a la existencia humana.
La abolición de la política. La tensión entre democracia y la utopía libertaria de R. Nozick
(2025) Schwember, Felipe; Fuentes, Eduardo
La democracia ha sido objeto de numerosas críticas por parte de distintos autores libertarios. En el presente trabajo nos detendremos en la que formula Robert Nozick en Anar-quía, Estado y utopía y que apunta al carácter en último término liberticida de dicha forma de gobierno. Al respecto sostendremos dos cosas: primero, que la plausibilidad de dicha crítica descansa en ciertos supuestos controvertidos acerca de la representación política, supuestos que, sorprendentemente, Nozick comparte con Rousseau; en segundo lugar, que la fuerza de la crítica de Nozick depende que una cierta concepción del pueblo que hace superflua no solo la democracia en general, sino la reflexión acerca de la libertad política en general
Exeundum est e statu naturali: the lex permissiva y el deber de abandonar el estado de naturaleza en la doctrina del derecho de Kant
(2025) Schwember, Felipe
En el presente artículo discuto la interpretación que Christoph Horn hace de la lex permissiva de la Doctrina del derecho de Kant en su libro Nichtideale Normativität. Horn la interpreta como una ley que dispensa del cumplimiento de los principios generales del derecho. Aquí sostendré que esa interpretación es
inaceptable, porque obliga a entender que la propiedad y demás instituciones del derecho privado están fundadas en excepciones a tales principios generales. Sostendré, además, que con el concepto de lex permissiva que adopta Horn no contribuye a explicar el deber de abandonar el estado de naturaleza.
Telepsiquiatría: una herramienta que acerca la salud mental a las personas
(2026) Möller , Matías; Guesalaga, Vicente
La telepsiquiatría se presenta como una estrategia prometedora para mejorar la accesibilidad a la atención de salud mental en los sectores rurales Chile, donde problemas como las barreras geográficas y escasez de especialistas siguen presentes. En esta reflexión se discuten los beneficios y dificultades de este estilo de atención, para que se vean reflejados en una pronta atención. Esperamos que en el futuro se realice una atención dual, a través de la relación que se establezca entre la atención psiquiátrica presencial y la atención en línea, pues ayudará a disminuir las desigualdades en el acceso a la salud mental en nuestro país. Palabras claves: Telemedicina; Telepsiquiatría.
Telepsychiatry is emerging as a promising strategy for improving access to mental health care in rural areas of Chile, where problems such as geographical barriers and a shortage of specialists remain. This article discusses the benefits and challenges of this model of care, with a view to ensuring they are reflected in the provision of timely care. We hope that, in the future, a dual approach to care will be implemented, through the integration of face-to-face psychiatric care and online care, as this will help to reduce inequalities in access to mental health care in our country.