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Diseño molecular "DE-NOVO" con inteligencia artificial generativa
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Ingeniería, 2024) Peña Daiber, Raimundo; Herrera Marín, Mauricio
La inteligencia artificial (IA) ha transformado el diseño y descubrimiento de fármacos, permitiendo la identificación de compuestos bioactivos mediante la exploración eficiente de espacios químicos. En este trabajo se presenta un enfoque innovador para el diseño in silico de nuevos Antiinflamatorios No Esteroideos (AINEs), medicamentos esenciales para el manejo del dolor y la inflamación, que actúan inhibiendo las enzimas ciclooxigenasas (COX-1 y COX-2). Sin embargo, los efectos secundarios asociados con la inhibición no selectiva de estas enzimas, como daños gastrointestinales, nefrotóxicos y riesgos cardiovasculares, evidencian la necesidad de desarrollar moléculas con mayor selectividad hacia COX-2.
La metodología propuesta combina Autoencoders Variacionales (VAE) para modelar el espacio químico latente, con Algoritmos Genéticos (AG) con el fin de optimizar propiedades moleculares hacia objetivos terapéuticos específicos. Este enfoque busca generar moléculas candidatas con mayor afinidad hacia COX-2 y menor actividad sobre COX-1, maximizando la eficacia terapéutica y minimizando los efectos adversos.
Estudios recientes han demostrado que esta combinación de herramientas de IA permite el diseño racional y eficiente de moléculas con propiedades favorables, incluyendo mejoras en parámetros ADMET y selectividad molecular.
La propuesta presentada no sólo acelera el proceso de descubrimiento de fármacos, sino que también ofrece un marco para el desarrollo de terapias personalizadas, con potencial de impacto significativo en la farmacología moderna y en la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Este documento se enfoca en la descripción detallada de la metodología implementada como base para futuras etapas del trabajo, que incluirán la validación y análisis exhaustivo de los resultados obtenidos.
Guía Introductoria como capacitación en el estudio en fuentes de Rayos Gamma: Estudio y análisis de eventos espaciales de alta energía para promover el interés y desarrollo de competencias necesarias para proyecto SWGO en Chile
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Ingeniería, 2024) Bustamante Gutiérrez, Carlos; Morgado Jopia, Jorge; Zúñiga Sinsay, Víctor; Gómez Vargas, Germán
Este trabajo corresponde a una guía capacitadora e incluso motivacional para profesionales o interesados en el estudio del campo de la astronomía, precisamente en las fuentes espaciales de rayos gamma. Un campo de la ciencia que ha tomado gran relevancia en Chile especialmente por el observatorio terrestre SWGO que se encuentra en construcción y espera esté operativo en 2030. Este hito del observatorio SWGO en Chile ha procurado la necesidad de la industria académica e investigativa de formar más astrónomos o especialistas en este campo. Esto es nuestra principal motivación, razón por la cual nos aventuramos en crear esta guía especie starter pack (en base a nuestra expertise con proyectos de datos) para los eventuales incumbentes que quieren versarse y por qué no, desempeñarse laboralmente en el eventual observatorio de rayos gamma SWGO.
La idea es que esta guía sea un primer encuentro cercano hacia el estudio con datos de las fuentes de rayos gamma, de tal manera que sea amigable, fácil de leer, y los más importante que permita al incumbente identificar patrones espaciales, energéticos en las emisiones de rayos gamma, validar teorías astrofísicas y desarrollar habilidades en el análisis de estos datos.
Para lo anterior abordaremos esta guía en 3 tópicos distintos pero que finalmente convergen al mismo objetivo. El primero será IRF’s (Instrument Response Functions), luego análisis de fuentes de rayos gamma (con Gammapy), y finalmente Machine Learning aplicado con estos datos.
A>I(G) RNA Editing in genotoxic drug response in breast cancer
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Medicina, 2025) Bernal Gómez, Yanara Alejandra; Armisen Yañez, Ricardo
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy among women and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. While advancements in genomic technologies have improved the understanding of BC biology, therapeutic resistance remains a significant challenge, particularly to genotoxic drugs. This study explores the association of A>I(G) RNA editing, a post-transcriptional modification mediated by ADAR enzymes, in drug response and resistance in BC. A>I(G) RNA editing modifies adenosine to inosine in double-stranded RNA, potentially altering RNA stability, splicing, and protein function.
The results identified ADAR1-mediated A>I(G) RNA editing sites associated with sensitivity or resistance to genotoxic drugs in BC cell lines. These sites, predominantly located in non-coding regions, were functionally linked to genes involved in DNA damage repair, immune response, and cancer progression.
Furthermore, RNA editing levels in genes such as LSR, SMPDL3B, HTRA4, and LL22NC03-80A10.6 were significantly associated with progression-free survival in BC patients, highlighting their potential as prognostic biomarkers.
In addition, multi-omics data were integrated using machine learning tools to predict the risk of therapy non-response in BC. This approach identified ADAR1 mediated RNA-edited sites, such as those in KDM4B, miRNA200/TTLL10-AS1, and BEST1, as key predictive variables alongside clinically relevant features.
These sites, primarily in non-coding regions, were associated with genes involved in histone demethylation, DNA damage repair (DDR), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cell proliferation. The predictive models demonstrated acceptable performance in distinguishing responder and non-responder patients, emphasizing the utility of combining transcriptomic, epitranscriptomic, and clinical data to predict therapy response and their potential as predictive biomarkers.
This study advances the understanding of A>I(G) RNA editing as a contributor to drug resistance in BC and underscores its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target. The findings highlight the importance of post-transcriptional modifications in precision medicine, offering new avenues for the development of personalized treatment strategies.
Online Intervention Targeting Postnatal Depression and Anxiety in Chilean First-Time Mothers: Feasibility Trial
(2024) Coo, Soledad; García Valdés, María Ignacia; Pérez, J. Carola; Aldoney, Daniela; Olhaberry, Marcia; Fernández, Olga; Alamo, Nicolle; Franco, Pamela; Pérez, Francisca; Fernández, Sofía; Fisher, Jane; Rowe, Heather
Objective: Internet-based interventions may positively impact maternal symptoms of postnatal depression and anxiety. This study assessed
the feasibility, acceptability, perceived usefulness, and preliminary effectiveness of an m-Health version of “What Were We Thinking?” (m
WWWT).
Methods: A mixed-methods with a 2-arm randomized parallel design was used. From a total of 477 women, 157 met the inclusion criteria. 128
f
irst-time mothers of full-term infants, aged 4–10weeks, who received health care at primary public health centers in Chile, were randomly
assigned to the experimental (EG, n¼65) or control (CG, n¼63) groups; data of 104 of them (53 and 51, respectively) was analyzed. We used
percentages and rates to measure feasibility outcomes and mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) and latent class analyses (LCA) to assess pre
liminary effectiveness. Participants completed questionnaires on mental health, social support, and maternal self-efficacy upon recruitment and
3months after completing the intervention. For the qualitative component, 12 women from the EG were interviewed.
Results: Quantitative results show good feasibility outcomes, such as high recruitment (82%), low attrition (EG ¼ 12% and CG¼17%), and
high follow-up (EG ¼ 97% and CG¼91%) rates. Qualitative results indicate high acceptability and perceived usefulness of m-WWWT. Mixed
ANOVA did not show significant differences between the groups (all p >.05). However, multinomial regression analysis in LCA showed that
womenwithlow baseline symptoms of depression and anxiety benefit from the intervention (B¼0.43, 95% confidence interval 1.09–2.16).
Conclusion: m-WWWT is feasible to be implemented in Chile; future studies are needed to assess the intervention’s effectiveness.
Comparing experience- and description-based economic preferences across 11 countries
(2024) Anlló, Hernán; Bavard, Sophie; Benmarrakchi, Fatima Ezzhra; Bonagura, Darla; Cerrotti, Fabien; Cicue, Mirona; Gueguen, Maelle; Guzmán, Eugenio; Kadieva, Dzerassa; Kobayashi, Maiko; Lukumon, Gafari; Sartorio, Marco; Yang, Jiong; Zinchenko, Oksana; Bahrami, Bahador; Silva, Jaime; Hertz, Uri; Konova, Anna B.; Li, Jian; O'Madagain, Cathal; Navajas, Joaquin; Reyes M., Gabriel; Sarabi-Jamab, Atiye; Shestakova, Anna; Sukumaran, Bhasi; Watanabe, Katsumi; Palminteri, Stefano
Recent evidence indicates that reward value encoding in humans is highly context dependent, leading to suboptimal decisions in some cases, but whether this computational constraint on valuation is a shared feature of human cognition remains unknown. Here we studied the behaviour of n = 561 individuals from 11 countries of markedly different socioeconomic and cultural makeup. Our findings show that context sensitivity was present in all 11 countries. Suboptimal decisions generated by context manipulation were not explained by risk aversion, as estimated through a separate description-based choice task (that is,
lotteries) consisting of matched decision offers. Conversely, risk aversion significantly differed across countries. Overall, our findings suggest that context-dependent reward value encoding is a feature of human cognition that remains consistently present across different countries, as opposed to description-based decision-making, which is more permeable to cultural factors.
Human-animal mutualism in regenerative entrepreneurship
(2024) Muñoz, Pablo; Hernandez, Mauricio
In this paper, we explore the micro-interactions through which a regenerative enterprise engages with proximate natural ecosystems in its attempt to repair and protect them. Through an ethnographic study of a regenerative farming enterprise in rural Southern Patagonia - Fundo Panguilemu - we discover a reciprocal relationship between the enterprise and animals, central to their regenerative efforts. This relationship is formed and actively maintained by the founders through three practices – joint rewilding, ambivalent relationality, and task interdependence. We leverage nature relatedness to conceptualize the relationship between these practices as human-animal mutualism in regenerative work. We advance regenerative entrepreneurship research by revealing novel human-nature interactions formed and fostered by a rural enterprise in the pursuit of local regeneration and expand our understanding of micro-level phenomena in rural entrepreneurship.
How founders harness tensions in hybrid venture development
(2024) Muñoz, Pablo; Farny, Steffen; Kibler, Ewald; Salmivaara, Virva
Although the simultaneous presence of multiple ambitions is inherent in hybrid venturing, pursuing social and/or environmental missions while securing commercial viability can generate ambivalence among stakeholders. In this study, we draw on the notion of “holism” to show how venture founders both embrace tensioned ambitions and sustain hybridity during critical venture development phases. Based on 6 years of data on The People’s Supermarket in the United Kingdom, we identify three distinct practices—fantasizing, bartering, and conjuring—used by founders to harness tensions productively, without compromising their venture’s multiple ambitions. These practices demonstrate the founders’ ability to maintain a venture’s hybrid nature throughout the ideation, organizational, and scale-up phases, thereby shedding light on the application of “holism” within the realm of hybrid venturing.
Emerging energy sources' social acceptability:
(2024) Ponce, Roberto D.; Estay, M.; Barrientos, M.; Estevez, R.A.; Gelcich, S.; Vásquez Lavín, Felipe
Any decrease in global warming and its effects can only occur with a substantial reduction in anthropogenic CO2 emissions. In this context, renewable energy sources, particularly emerging sources, may play a central role in accelerating the transition from fossil fuels to cleaner energy sources. Emerging energy sources are renewable and have the potential to reduce global warming emissions; however, they are in the early development stages. These technologies include enhanced geothermal processes, artificial photosynthesis, and marine energy. In this study, we assess the main attributes that determine the social acceptance of renewable marine energy projects, highlighting individual preferences and heterogeneity for these projects. The results show that energy generation, ecological impact, job creation, co-ownership, and distributional justice are statistically significant attributes that support projects. However, individual preferences are highly heterogeneous. The existence of distinct classes (two in this case) with different preferences for marine energy attributes indicates that the one-size-fits-all approach may be inappropriate. Instead, policymakers and energy producers should tailor their proposals to meet the needs of both groups, considering their preferences and concerns.
University technology transfer ofces’ capabilities in responding to societal challenges:
(2024) Roncancio‑Marin, Jason; Guerrero, Maribel
Over the last decades, the University Technology Transfer Ofces (UTTOs) literature has focused on how technology transfer contributes to economic development and only a few studies have focused on social development. This study explores how UTTOs transform into ambidextrous organizations capable of simultaneously addressing economic and social challenges, during external crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Particularly, we explore which dynamic capabilities and strategies should be developed or reconfgured by UTTOs to respond to complex societal challenges. We conducted an exploratory qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with 20 UTTO ofcials from universities across Europe, North America, and Latin America, carried out in 2020 and 2021. Our fndings show that UTTOs reconfgured their dynamic capabilities and implemented inclusive strategies, such as fexible intellectual property models, inclusive technology transfer practices, and newmetrics that integrate social value. These adaptations enable UTTOs to respond efectively to the COVID-19 pandemic by facilitating the translation of impactful technologies to societal needs. We propose a theoretical framework that incorporates the role
of dynamic capabilities—sensing, seizing, and transforming—into how UTTOs align economic and social goals by translating knowledge-creation processes to make discoveries that address social needs and fnancial opportunities. This study highlights some strategic implications based on the emergence of ambidextrous UTTOs, which focus on simultaneously driving both economic and social impacts.
Class, gender and the work of working-class women amid turbulent times
(2024) Warren, Tracy; Torres, Luis; Lyonette, Clare; Tarlo, Ruth
The article focuses on the work of working-class women (WCW) amid turbulent times. Its timespan is just prior to and during the Covid-19 pandemic in the UK. The women's work, and the key skills involved, are fundamental to everyday lives, but both have been under-valued and under-rewarded. The pandemic shone a fresh light on the societal importance of this work and highlighted how its under-valuation and the women's systemic low pay and inferior working conditions have serious ramifications not only for individual workers and their families but for the provision of key services. The article centres WCW, at the intersection of classed and gendered disadvantage, to ask about inequalities in work experiences. Analysing nationally representative samples of thousands of workers in the UK prior to and as Covid-19 rolled out, we compare WCW with other workers. We show that the women faced both persistent and new inequalities at work: enduring low earnings, pandemic-led risks to jobs and paid hours, little opportunity to work from home or flexibly, and stressful key working roles. We reveal the heavily classed nature of some of these findings, show that others were more strongly gendered, while still others were classed and gendered outcomes that require intersectional analyses of the women's working lives.
Environmental education and children’s pro-environmental behavior on plastic waste: evidence from the green school certification program in Chile
(2024) Salazar, César; Jaime, Marcela; Leiva, Mauricio; González, Nuria
Environmental education provides people with the information they need to understand the causes and consequences of environmental issues, helping to promote positive attitudes toward nature. This paper uses a multivalued treatment effects model to evaluate the effects of a green school certification program on children’s proenvironmental behavior in Chile. Pro-environmental behavior is measured by knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to the consumption and disposal of plastics. Results evidence a positive effect of schools’ higher certification level on children’s plastic waste behavior. This effect seems stronger in practices where children have more decision-making power (e.g., packing a lunch box). The observed reverse effect when switching from basic to intermediate level of certification is in line with the potential non-linear effects of environmental education on pro-environmental behavior regarding the consumption and disposal of plastic. To improve the design of the program, it is important to redefine incentives in the certification system to differentiate better the benefits of reaching each level of environmental certification
Exploring the impact of ocean acidification information on consumers’ preference for seafood
(2024) Barrientos, Manuel; Carrasco-Garcés, Moisés; Vásquez Lavín, Felipe; Ponce, Roberto D.; San Martín, Valeska A.; Gelcich, Stefan
We conducted a discrete choice experiment to explore whether providing information about a lesser-known issue related to climate change, ocean acidification (OA), affects consumers’ preferences for seafood products in a middle-income country in the southern hemisphere. Our objective was to determine whether OA information affects consumer preferences for seafood using stated preference (SP) techniques. Seafood attributes include shell size and appearance, meat color, texture, taste, nutritional composition, product assortments, and price. We applied a split-sample approach to test for information effects, with one sample receiving information about OA while the other did not. We analyze the differences between samples using visual instruments and statistical tests.
The results demonstrate that although the statistical test does not identify a difference between models, we did find that OA information increases the precision of ’consumers’ responses. Moreover, using visual instruments, we found differences in specific parameters – not detected in the statistical analysis - which can lead to substantial differences in the willingness to pay for seafood attributes. The article is relevant as understanding these matters is essential when generating more effective communicational strategies regarding the impacts of global changes.
Senior entrepreneurship in Latin America:
(2024) Torres-Marín, Alfonso; Amorós, José Ernesto; Leporati, Marcelo; Roses, Sergio
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to make an exploratory analysis of the impact of the entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) as defined by Acs et al. (2014) on opportunity-driven senior entrepreneurial activity in Latin America.
Design/methodology/approach: The research uses data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and the Global Entrepreneurship and Development Institute of five Latin America countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico), providing a total of 15,019 observations of people that are 50+ years old, between the years 2013 and 2017. A multi-level logistic regression model was used to estimate the relation between the total entrepreneurial activity by opportunity of seniors and some EE indicators. A total of three equations were estimated on the data set described.
Findings: This research confirms the relevance of some elements of EE on senior entrepreneurship in Latin America. Entrepreneurial attitudes have a positive relationship with senior entrepreneurs, generating higher levels of entrepreneurial ventures. The combination of institutions that support these attitudes on the EE enhances senior entrepreneurial activity. It also demonstrates that a higher level of entrepreneurial education at postschool stages is relevant to increasing senior entrepreneurial activity.
Originality/value: This research makes some interesting contributions in the field of measuring the impact of EE on senior entrepreneurship by opportunity in developing countries, filling a literature gap. It allows us to glimpse some measures that policymakers could take to improve the entrepreneurial activity of this segment in the region, such as implementing programs that facilitate networking opportunities and mentorship, along with providing training in business and financial literacy.
The optimism effect on country productivity and innovation activities
(2024) Mahn, Daniel; Wang, Cong; Kent, Danielle; Heaton, Chris
This study focuses on how optimism translates into innovation outcomes. While the link has been established at a microeconomic level, its translation to an aggregate economic effect is still an open question. Empirical analysis draws from a yearly sample of 42 (mainly OECD) countries between 2000 and 2020 to test the effect of economic optimism on R&D measures from both the consumer's and producer's points of view at the aggregate level. Using modern econometric techniques that address potential endogeneity issues, the results suggest that economic optimism supports an increase in innovation activity and economic performance but not an increase in innovation outcomes, such as more patent production. The implication is that an economically optimistic environment is an important contribution to a nation's entrepreneurial ecosystem. This novel insight shows that firms need not specifically recruit optimistic individuals to reap the benefits of the optimism effect. Policies that encourage economic optimism can orchestrate an environment in which the benefits of the optimism effect are realized, independent of the individual personality traits of its citizens.
What drives solar energy adoption in developing countries? Evidence from household surveys across countries
(2024) Mahn, Daniel; Best, Rohan; Wang, Cong; Abiona, Olukorede
This study investigates household solar energy uptake in developing countries by combining household surveys for 11 countries with area-level data. We use data from World Bank surveys for countries in Africa, Asia, and Central America. Our probit regressions use up to 36,653 household observations and cover actual uptake rather than intentions. The main result shows that households further from capital cities are less likely to have solar home systems. Furthermore, there are strong links between assets and solar uptake across solar types such as solar home systems, solar lighting systems, and solar lanterns. This is an important finding given the small number of prior studies that use actual uptake data for developing countries and the mixed results from prior literature. We do not find evidence that households in sunnier areas are more likely to have solar home systems across countries. This study motivates policymakers to consider greater support for households far from capital cities, in sunnier regions, and with low levels of assets.
Intrapreneurial universities in digital times - New ways of thinking and future challenges
(2024) Klofsten, Magnus; Brem, Alexander; Guerrero, Maribel; Urbano, David
Despite extensive research on academic entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial universities, this special issue challenges conventional beliefs by examining intrapreneurship in academia. It aims to investigate how faculty and staff can adopt entrepreneurial behaviors and cultivate an entrepreneurial approach within their roles as researchers and educators, in diverse academic contexts. The 11 papers included in this issue span various domains of intrapreneurial universities, broadening the original concept beyond initial expectations set forth in the call for papers. Exploring a spectrum of intrapreneurial initiatives, this issue seeks to enhance understanding and broaden perspectives on intrapreneurial behaviors within universities through various research approaches and methodologies. Based on the contributions received, we reflect on theoretical and practical implications and delineate future directions for academic intrapreneurship research.
Policy disclosure as a predictor of environmental behaviour: evidence from the chilean retail sector
(2024) Ibáñez, María José; Vásquez Lavín, Felipe; Ponce, Roberto D.
This study examines the relationship between corporate environmental policy disclosures and firms’ environmental investments. Using an endogenous switching probit (ESP) model to mitigate potential endogeneity issues, this study serves two purposes. Initially, it estimates the influence of six organizational characteristics—size, age, manager gender, export orientation, family ownership, and corporate group affiliation—on the probability of firms declaring pro-environmental policies. Subsequently, we test whether such policy disclosures are reliable predictors of environmental investment. We use the retail sector as a case study because of its pivotal role as an intermediary between primary producers, manufacturers, and consumers, thereby holding a uniquely influential position in driving sustainable consumption and production. Our results show a positive relationship between size, manager gender, export orientation, family ownership, and corporate group affiliation. In addition, we find that declaring an environmental policy positively affects the likelihood of businesses investing in environmental protection. This study contributes to the existing literature in three significant ways: it increases the evidence supporting a causal relationship between environmental policy disclosure and environmental investments; it is the first to explore this relationship within the retail industry; and it broadens our understanding of this dynamic in the context of developing countries.
Educar es salvar vidas
(2025) Henriquez, Catalina
Carta al editor:
Estudiante de Enfermería, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana de Santiago - Universidad del Desarrollo
When given two choices, take both! Social impact assessment insocial entrepreneurship
(2024) Muñoz, Pablo; Gamble, Edward N.
This paper examines how social entrepreneurs construct impact arguments as they begin to assess social impact. We examined the experiences of 68 social entrepreneurs in Chile and discovered that the construction of arguments for the purpose of thinking about and experiencing impact is different than the arguments constructed to establish dialogues around it. We explain this dual argument construction as arguments for worth and arguments for legitimacy. We expand scholarship on argumentation by clarifying social entrepreneurs’ efforts to pursue adherence facing competing demands and reinforcing their willingness and ability to engage with social impact assessment. We advance the understanding of social impact assessment in social entrepreneurship across three areas: tensions, accountability and performance and extend Nicholls’ general theory by explaining what precedes the discursive space where the assessment of social impact reconciles facticity and validity to establish materiality.
Tourism metamorphosis:
(2024) Ibáñez, María José; Ponce, Roberto D.; Diaz-Avendaño, Julian
Through Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) on destination attractiveness characteristics at the country level, this study identifies attribute configurations in the pre- and post-pandemic period to analyze the changes and differences generated by an exogenous event (COVID-19). The results suggest that the destination attractiveness attributes work together, in multidimensional configurations, to increase leisure travel volume. We found an important change in pat-terns/configurations of attractiveness between the pre- and post-pandemic scenarios. Our findings suggest that the destination attributes may change in importance and valuation or disappear for some configurations. The conclusion has implications for the stakeholders related to the destination attractiveness development, showing possible patterns of tourism attributes to guide the action to improve the resilience in the tourism sector and recover these activities in a disaster scenario.