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Planes de Descontaminación Atmosférica en Chile: Evaluación de Impacto, Atribuciones y Tendencias
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Ingeniería, 2024) Concha Ramírez, Carolina; Fleming, Zoë
Los altos niveles de contaminación atmosférica es una importante problemática nacional. Chile se encuentra en los primeros lugares en los rankings de ciudades más contaminadas de Latinoamérica. Como medida frente a esto, para sectores con niveles de Material Particulado (MP) sobre la normativa, el gobierno ha implementado Planes de Descontaminación Atmosférica (PDA), una herramienta de gestión ambiental que busca reducir los niveles de contaminación para que estos se encuentren dentro de los límites permitidos. El objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar el impacto de los PDA implementado, a partir de parámetros estadísticos y análisis de datos y, comparar los resultados obtenidos por sectores para la determinación de la eficiencia de estos. Se utilizó una metodología cuantitativa de análisis de tendencias, utilizando el estimador Theil-Sen, un análisis de episodios críticos e implementación de medidas.
Los resultados muestran una disminución significativa en 79.2% y 73.9% de las estaciones analizadas, para MP10 y MP2.5, respectivamente. La mayor reducción de MP10 se presentan en la zona centro-sur y sur, mientras que para MP2.5 corresponden a la zona norte y centro. Se determinó que la concentración de MP10 y MP2.5 ha disminuido en las zonas donde se ha aplicado un PDA, sin embargo, en la mayoría de los casos está disminución se relaciona con medidas puntuales previas más que a la implementación del plan, además, en casos donde se ha cumplido las medidas planteadas no se ha logrado alcanzar niveles óptimos de MP.
Lateral prefrontal theta oscillations causally drive a computational mechanism underlying conflict expectation and adaptation
(2024) Martínez-Molina, María Paz; Valdebenito-Oyarzo, Gabriela; Soto-Icaza, Patricia; Zamorano, Francisco; Figueroa-Vargas, Alejandra; Carvajal-Paredes, Patricio; Stecher, Ximena; Salinas, César; Valero-Cabré, Antoni; Polania, Rafael; Billeke, Pablo
Adapting our behavior to environmental demands relies on our capacity to perceive and manage potential conflicts within our surroundings. While evidence implicates the involvement of the lateral prefrontal cortex and theta oscillations in detecting conflict stimuli, their causal role in conflict expectation remains elusive. Consequently, the exact computations and neural mechanisms underlying these cognitive processes still need to be determined. We employed an integrative approach involving cognitive computational modeling, fMRI, TMS, and EEG to establish a causal link between oscillatory brain function, its neurocomputational role, and the resulting conflict processing and adaptation behavior. Our results reveal a computational process underlying conflict expectation, which correlates with BOLD-fMRI and theta activity in the superior frontal gyrus (SFG). Modulation of theta activity via rhythmic TMS applied over the SFG induces endogenous theta activity, which in turn enhances computations associated with conflict expectation. These findings provide evidence for the causal involvement of SFG theta activity in learning and allocating cognitive resources to address forthcoming conflict stimuli.
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Dominance hierarchy regulates social behavior during spatial movement
(2024) Lara-Vasquez, Ariel; Espinosa, Nelson; Morales, Cristian; Moran, Constanza; Billeke, Pablo; Gallagher, Joseph; Strohl, Joshua J.; Huerta, Patricio T.; Fuentealba, Pablo
Rodents establish dominance hierarchy as a social ranking system in which one subject acts as dominant over all the other subordinate individuals. Dominance hierarchy regulates food access and mating opportunities, but little is known about its significance in other social behaviors, for instance during collective navigation for foraging or migration. Here, we implemented a simplified goal-directed spatial task in mice, in which animals navigated individually or collectively with their littermates foraging for food. We compared between conditions and found that the social condition exerts significant influence on individual displacement patterns, even when efficient navigation rules leading to reward had been previously learned. Thus, movement patterns and consequent task performance were strongly dependent on contingent social interactions arising during collective displacement, yet their influence on individual behavior was determined by dominance hierarchy. Dominant animals did not behave as leaders during collective displacement; conversely, they were most sensitive to the social environment adjusting their performance accordingly. Social ranking in turn was associated with specific spontaneous neural activity patterns in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, with dominant mice showing higher firing rates, larger ripple oscillations, and stronger neuronal entrainment by ripples than subordinate animals. Moreover, dominant animals selectively increased their cortical spiking activity during collective movement, while subordinate mice did not modify their firing rates, consistent with dominant animals being more sensitive to the social context. These results suggest that dominance hierarchy influences behavioral performance during contingent social interactions,
likely supported by the coordinated activity in the hippocampal-prefrontal circuit.
The effect of a cognitive training therapy based on stimulation of brain oscillations in patients with mild cognitive impairment in a Chilean sample: study protocol for a phase IIb, 2 × 3 mixed factorial, double‑blind randomised controlled trial
(2024) Figueroa‑Vargas, Alejandra; Góngora, Begoña; Alonso, María Francisca; Ortega, Alonso; Soto‑Fernández, Patricio; Z‑Rivera, Lucía; Ramírez, Sebastián; González, Francisca; Muñoz Venturelli, Paula; Billeke, Pablo
Background
The ageing population has increased the prevalence of disabling and high-cost diseases, such as dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The latter can be considered a prodromal phase of some dementias and a critical stage for interventions to postpone the impairment of functionality. Working memory (WM) is a pivotal cognitive function, representing the fundamental element of executive functions. This project proposes an intervention protocol to enhance WM in these users, combining cognitive training with transcranial electrical stimulation of alternating current (tACS). This technique has been suggested to enhance the neuronal plasticity needed for cognitive processes involving oscillatory patterns. WM stands to benefit significantly from this approach, given its well-defined electrophysiological oscillations. Therefore, tACS could potentially boost WM in patients with neurodegenerative diseases.
Methods
This study is a phase IIb randomised, double-blind clinical trial with a 3-month follow-up period. The study participants will be 62 participants diagnosed with MCI, aged over 60, from Valparaíso, Chile. Participants will receive an intervention combining twelve cognitive training sessions with tACS. Participants will receive either tACS or placebo stimulation in eight out of twelve training sessions. Sessions will occur twice weekly over 6 weeks. The primary outcomes will be electroencephalographic measurements through the prefrontal theta oscillatory activity, while the secondary effects will be cognitive assessments of WM. The participants will be evaluated before, immediately after, and 3 months after the end of the intervention.
Discussion
The outcomes of this trial will add empirical evidence about the benefits and feasibility of an intervention that combines cognitive training with non-invasive brain stimulation. The objective is to contribute tools for optimal cognitive treatment in patients with MCI. To enhance WM capacity, postpone the impairment of functionality, and obtain a better quality of life.
When another one bites the dust: Environmental impact of global copper demand on local communities in the Atacama mining hotspot as registered by tree rings
(2024) Zanetta-Colombo, Nicolás C.; Scharnweber, Tobias; Christie, Duncan A.; Manzano, Carlos A.; Blersch, Mario; Gayo, Eugenia M.; Muñoz, Ariel A.; Fleming, Zoë; Nüsser, Marcus
Assessing the impact of mining activity on the availability of environmental pollutants is crucial for informing health policies in anticipation of future production scenarios of critical minerals essential for the transition to a net-zero carbon society. However, temporal and spatial monitoring is often sparse, and measurements may not extend far enough back in time. In this study, we utilize variations of chemical elements contained in tree-rings collected in local villages from an area heavily affected by copper mining in the Atacama Desert since the early 20th century to evaluate the temporal distribution of pollutants and their relationship with local drivers. By combining time-varying data on local drivers, such as copper production and the dry tailings deposit area, we show how the surge in copper production during the 1990s, fueled by trade liberalization and increased international demand, led to a significant increment in the availability of metal(loid)s related to mining activities on indigenous lands. Our findings suggest that the environmental legislation in Chile may be underestimating the environmental impact of tailing dams in neighboring populations, affecting the well-being of Indigenous Peoples from the Atacama mining hotspot region. We argue that future changes in production rates driven by international demand could have negative repercussions on the environment and local communities. Therefore, mining emissions and the management of tailing dams should be carefully considered to anticipate their potential negative effects on human and ecosystem health.
Blowin’ in the Wind: Mapping the Dispersion of Metal(loid)s From Atacama Mining
(2024) Zanetta‐Colombo, Nicolás C.; Manzano, Carlos A.; Brombierstäudl, Dagmar; Fleming, Zoë; Gayo, Eugenia M.; Rubinos, David; Jerez, Oscar; Valdés, Jorge; Prieto, Manuel; Nüsser, Marcus
The Atacama Desert’s naturally elevated metal(loid)s pose a unique challenge for assessing the environmental impact of mining, particularly for indigenous communities residing in these areas. This study investigates how copper mining influences the dispersion of these elements in the wind-transportable fraction (<75 μm) of surface sediments across an 80 km radius. We employed a multi-pronged approach, utilizing spatial modeling to map element distributions, exponential decay analysis to quantify concentration decline with distance, regime shift modeling to identify dispersion pattern variations, and pollution assessment to evaluate impact. Our results reveal significant mining-driven increases in surface concentrations of copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), and arsenic (As). Notably, within the first 20 km, concentrations peaked at 1,016 mg kg⁻1 for Cu, 31 mg kg⁻1 for Mo, and a remarkable 165 mg kg⁻1 for As. Cu and Mo displayed significant dispersion, extending up to 50 km from the source. However, As exhibited the most extensive reach, traveling up to 70 km downwind, highlighting the far-reaching ecological footprint of mining operations. Mineralogical analyses corroborated these findings, identifying mining-related minerals in surface sediments far beyond the immediate mining area. Although pollution indices based on the proposed Local Geochemical Background reveal significant contamination across the study area, establishing accurate pre-industrial baseline values is essential for a more reliable assessment. This study challenges the concept of “natural pollution” by demonstrating that human activities exacerbate baseline metal(loid)s levels. Expanding monitoring protocols is imperative to comprehensively assess the combined effects of multiple emission sources, including mining and natural processes, in safeguarding environmental and human health for future generations.
Editorial: Una nueva Bauhaus verde desde el Sur Global / A New Green Bauhaus from the Global South
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Faculrad de Diseño, 2023) Novoa Muñoz, Mauricio; Vargas Callegari, Rodrigo
This special issue of Base, Diseño e Innovación focuses on the potential for a New Green Bauhaus from the Global South by educators, researchers and practitioners who live in or work on projects connected to that region as we hear alarming fore-casts on climate change, north-south and east-west geopoliti-cal push-pull, economic downturns, and social upheavals. The concept of a Green Bauhaus from the Global South responds to the proposal of a New European Bauhaus launched in 2020 by the European Commission with a New Green Deal ambition to become the first climate-neutral continent in the world by 2050 through decoupling growth from resource use and the aim of not leaving behind any people or territories in the process. The European Green Deal is as much an environmental and econo-mic plan, as it represents their cultural shift towards bottom-up participatory approaches and systemic and policy changes to make ecological transition closer to citizens, communities, and territories (Fetting, 2020; Rosana, 2021).
Los aportes de la pedagogía crítica de Paulo Freire al diseño emancipador: de la invasión cultural a la síntesis cultural / Paulo Freire’s critical pedagogy contributions to emancipatory design: From cultural invasion towards cultural synthesis
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Diseño, 2023) Mazzarotto, Marco
In the quest to overcome the oppression caused by the capitalist modern/colonial world system, we propose the approach still under construction of emancipatory design, based on Paulo Freires’s critical pedagogy. If hegemonic design reinforces oppressive relations through antidialogical practices and cultural invasion, emancipatory design seeks to fight against them through dialog and cultural synthesis of different voices. Throughout the text, invasion and cultural synthesis are defined and examples are analyzed from the author’s experience with design in partnership with social movements in southern Brazil.
Re-pensar la artificialidad desde el Sur Global: cuatro núcleos de acción para el diseño / Re-thinking artificiality from the Global South: Four action cores for design
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Diseño, 2023) Ceja Bravo, Leobardo Armando; Ceja Bravo, Liliana
As a way to confront the predominant practice in design, it is necessary to make visible other ways of approaching reality. This work reflects on ways to re-link the world of the artificial from the global south, through an epistemology of the south. In that sense, an ecology of knowledge and a reading of reality will be required in which, of course, a pedagogy of conflict will be denoted. The permanence of an hegemonic order, from which activities are classified, determines and conditions other design possibilities; same ones that exist even though they are not necessarily recognized and validated within some contexts but that, in others, have total validity, acceptance and relevance. The designer must ensure that each action, each process, each material used, respects the various forms of life, so it will be urgent for the design disciplines to re-formulate the principles, foundations, implications and effects that their work entails. We seek, through what we have called action cores for design, a joint reflection on an ethical and political procedure and a deep respect for life.
La educación del diseño frente al reto de la crisis socioambiental / Design education and the challenge of the socio-environmental civilization crisis
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Diseño, 2023) Garduño Barahona, Aralia María
The current challenge of design education is to obtain favourable results for biodiversity and individuals by generating skills, abilities, and knowledge that integrate the epistemological bases of the activity and form future designers as agents of change. In this way, by providing them with skills and capacities to generate innovation, their profile will allow them to develop solutions that address the complexity of the socio-environmental crisis that afflicts us. Possible fields of action for design to generate holistic development proposals that respect ideological, political, institutional, and technological conditions are outlined. These favour the conservation-regeneration of resources in the territories of the global south, where design can guide social innovation through strategies that promote a new negentropic productive paradigm that ensures the sustainability of life for all.
Desafíos de diseño e innovación sostenible en las PYMEs de la región del Biobío, Chile / Sustainability and innovation design challenges in the SMEs of the Biobío Region
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Diseño, 2023) Toledo, Ignacio; Contreras, Paulina; Mundaca, Cristián
This qualitative study explored the application of sustainable design and innovation approaches in SMEs in the Biobío Region through semi-structured interviews. Advances and gaps were identified in the design and innovation ecosystem and in adopting sustainable design. Despite progress in supply and demand for design, there are still challenges, such as a lack of awareness of its benefits, low valuation, and the perception of design as an accessory attribute. To be part of a new global Bauhaus, the region must strengthen its design ecosystem, invest in research and development, promote collaboration between designers and companies, improve infrastructure, and establish specific support policies and funding. These efforts can boost SMEs' innovation, competitiveness, and responsibility and contribute to a more sustainable future.
Una economía circular: el hilo de la ética, desde una aguja diseñada hacia un horizonte sostenible / Revalue sartorial culture for a circular economy: the thread of ethics, from a designed needle towards a sustainable horizon
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Diseño, 2023) Lopez, Cristina Amalia
This study raises the role that sartorial culture can play in slowing the impact of environmental pollution caused by the fashion industry. The objective is to transform design education with an ecological interdisciplinary pedagogy. The methodology focuses on reviewing and analysing the existing literature on the topic, examining proposals from experts and sectoral institutional contributions. The results highlight the importance of a circular approach in fashion, encouraging reuse, recycling, and extending the useful life of garments. Within the framework of a New Bauhaus – arising from the South-South – the aim is to promote conscious and sustainable fashion that integrates aesthetics, functionality, and sustainability under a drive towards circularity, social inclusion, and fair trade, where Fashion businesses make their footprint transparent. It is proposed to revalue the art of tailoring, sewing techniques and the craft, combining them with technology that allows maintaining quality and innovating in the design and production process in such a way that a search for synergy between science, technique, art and service within a circular economy, where the protagonists reflect on the manufacturing processes and the negative impact of excessive consumption that significantly affects the environment.
Diseño y sistemas hidropónicos: perspectivas desde y para el Norte y Sur Global / Design and hydroponic systems: perspectives for and from the Global North and South
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Diseño, 2023) Inglese, Giovanni
In facing the complexity of the challenge posed by urban growth and increasing world population, design disciplines are called upon to question new strategies to mitigate their impact on biodiversity and the food production system. In this context, hydroponics represents a viable solution to help re-establish a connection with nature and to create productive greenery within the most diverse contexts. Although the potential of these systems is widely discussed from various perspectives, there is a lack of comparative and evaluative studies illustrating their potential for designers. Through the analysis of literature and case studies focusing on hydroponic crops, we intend to investigate the possibilities and criticalities offered not only for food production but also as a means to improve degraded contexts, trigger social innovation movements and restore identity and livelihood to people and territories. By comparing projects implemented at different latitudes and the transfer of solutions from one context to another, we intend to provide Design with virtuous models, integrating perspectives from the Global North and South, for a better understanding and new project management of these systems.
Molecular Analysis of PIK3CA in Metastatic Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer in Chile: Clinical and Pathological Insights
(2024) Araya, Carla; Mino, Bárbara; Le Cerf, Patricio; Gaete, Fancy; Armisen, Ricardo; Carvajal, Daniel
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and a leading cause of cancerrelated deaths. PIK3CA gene mutations, which are often present in advanced HR+ breast cancer, can be targeted by alpelisib. However, data on PIK3CA mutations in Chile are limited. Here, we aim to assess the mutational status of PIK3CA in metastatic breast cancer tissues from Chilean patients and describe their clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes. We analyzed 102 formalinfixed, paraffin-embedded metastatic breast cancer samples from 96 patients diagnosed at three Chilean hospitals between 2007 and 2023. PIK3CA mutations were identified using targeted sequencing, and clinicopathological data were collected. We evaluated associations between mutational status,
clinicopathological features, and survival. The median age at diagnosis was 56 years. The most common metastatic sites were liver (29.4%), bone (17.6%), and lung/pleura (16.7%). Most patients
were HR+ HER2− (83.3%), with 57.3% showing HER2-low status. PIK3CA mutations were present in 40.6% of patients, mainly in exons 7, 9, and 20. No significant associations were found between
PIK3CA mutations and clinicopathological characteristics or survival. Our study reveals a high frequency of PIK3CA mutations in HR+ metastatic breast cancer, consistent with global data. The
majority of mutations are targetable with alpelisib. The proportion of HER2-low status patients suggests potential benefits from novel HER2-targeted therapies. These findings highlight the need
for routine molecular diagnostics in Chile to improve personalized treatment and address economic and access challenges.
The impact of electromobility in public transport: An estimation of energy consumption using disaggregated data in Santiago, Chile
(2024) Basso, Franco; Feijoo, Felipe; Pezoa, Raúl; Varas, Mauricio; Vidal, Brian
Electromobility in public transport has become a promising way to reduce environmental pollution. Several contributions have sought to estimate the energy consumption of buses in public transport. However, most of these efforts use measurements collected from controlled or simulated experiments, or that do not characterize the entire bus network. Unlike these studies, this article estimates the energy consumption of all the electric buses that circulate in the city of Santiago, Chile, during the studied period using full disaggregated GPS data and empirical measurements on some sensorized electric buses. The methodology considers a feature selection phase and the development of energy consumption prediction models using physics based and machine learning approaches. The performances of both models are compared with each other, and then, the best one is used to measure the impact of electromobility in the city. This analysis allows decision-makers to target investment by determining the buses with higher energy consumption savings in the face of budget constraints.
The impact of lockdown, fatigue, and social interaction on highway demand during the COVID-19 pandemic: The case of Santiago, Chile
(2024) Basso, Franco; Batarce, Marco; Pezoa, Raúl; Villalobos, Matías; Varas, Mauricio
The COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the government measures to curb its spread, have significantly affected mobility. Various studies have investigated behavioral changes across different transport modes accounting for sociodemographic variables, yet the focus has predominantly been on public transportation. This article addresses this gap by quantifying the impact of mobility restrictions on an urban highway in Santiago, Chile. To do so, we develop several econometric models based on panel data, which enable us to assess control measures’ effects while accounting for their spatial heterogeneity. Our computational experiments demonstrate that traffic reductions were more significant among higher-income drivers (1% reduction per each 100,000 pesos increase).
Conversely, municipalities with a higher proportion of elderly residents saw less drastic decreases in traffic.
Regarding the effectiveness of control measures, we confirm that the lockdown is affected by fatigue and social interaction. The fatigue implies that users do not fulfill the lockdown as time passes, reducing the effect of quarantines by about 50% during October, 2020. The social interaction effect suggests the lockdown is less effective when not all city’s municipalities are restricted to travel, which might be an argument against dynamic or partial lockdowns.
A home hospitalization assignment and routing problem with multiple time windows, mandatory returns and perishable biological samples: A Chilean case study
(2024) Varas, Mauricio; Baesler, Felipe; Basso, Franco; Contreras, Juan Pablo; Pezoa, Raúl; Rojas-Goldsack, María Francisca
The increase in life expectancy and formal care has fostered the demand for home care services, including home hospitalization. For this service, decision-makers must allocate the staff and route the visits as efficiently as possible. To tackle this problem, in this paper, we devise a new mixed-integer programming formulation that incorporates several industry-specific features, including matching patients to medical specialties and synchronized visits of multiple specialists. Moreover, the proposed formulation also includes three features that have not been tackled simultaneously in the previous literature: multiple time windows, mandatory lunch breaks at the hospital, and fast delivery of perishable biological samples. The proposed model can be reduced to a vehicle routing problem with multiple times windows, known as NP-hard. Therefore, for solving large instances, we design a heuristic procedure composed of a constructive heuristic coupled with an improvement heuristic, which builds on a local branching scheme. To test the applicability of our approach, we conduct a case study focusing on the actual operations of Hospital Padre Hurtado of Santiago, Chile. Our computational experiments show that the model provides fully implementable solutions. Moreover, the heuristic procedure provides high-quality routes (regarding quality and solution times), making it a promising alternative to experience-based scheduling methods and state-of-the-art solvers.
The Visibility of Women Experts in the Chilean Press During COVID-19
(2024) Bernal Vilicic, Teresa; Reyes-Betanzo, Claudia
Few studies at the Ibero-American level have delved into the gender gaps present in expert and academic sources in the media. Therefore, through a media content analysis, 1,069 news items related to COVID-19 from three Chilean newspapers were analyzed, and 2,844 primary and secondary sources were identified, of which the minority were women. Therefore, in line with the objective of this study, low visibility of Chilean academics, experts, and politicians as predominant sources during the pandemic was observed, although positive advances in the use of feminine names to refer to them were identified.
Rol del lenguaje en el reconocimiento emocional infantil
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Psicología, 2024) Valdés González, Tania; Silva Concha, Jaime
El desarrollo temprano del lenguaje y la percepción emocional en infantes preverbales ha sido objeto de múltiples investigaciones en los últimos años, investigaciones en las que se ha destacado la importancia de las claves perceptuales, lingüísticas y sociales en el aprendizaje de los infantes. La presente tesis examina cómo las características del lenguaje, tales como el tono y las etiquetas emocionales influyen en la capacidad de los infantes para reconocer emociones. Para ello, se utilizó el Paradigma Intermodal de Atención Preferencial (PIAP) en el que se llevaron a cabo dos tareas bajo diferentes condiciones de presentación de combinaciones de estímulos lingüísticos y emocionales.
La investigación se apoya en el Modelo de Coalición Emergente para la Adquisición del Lenguaje, el cual postula que los infantes dependen de claves perceptuales, sociales y lingüísticas para el desarrollo progresivo de sus habilidades cognitivas. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que las características prosódicas del lenguaje, así como las etiquetas emocionales juegan un papel importante en el reconocimiento emocional de los infantes. Se demostró que, desde los primeros meses de vida, los infantes son capaces de integrar la información de su entorno para reconocer emociones de expresiones faciales, pues durante las condiciones en las que la entonación del estímulo auditivo y la etiqueta emocional fueron congruentes, los infantes presentaban una mayor proporción de aciertos al reconocer la expresión facial relacionada con ellas, en comparación con las condiciones en las que la entonación fue neutra o
incongruente. Por otra parte, la rapidez de respuesta de los infantes en las tareas con condiciones congruentes fue mayor en comparación con las condiciones en las que la entonación fue neutra. Es decir que, aunque tomaban más tiempo para dirigir su mirada al estímulo correcto, su proporción de aciertos era mayor. Asimismo, se encontró un efecto de la edad de los infantes, lo cual sugiere que el desempeño en la tarea puede estar relacionado con algún efecto de experiencia acumulada o a la maduración general.
Por otro lado, los infantes no fueron más rápidos al identificar la expresión facial asociada con la pseudopalabra ante la presencia de un tono u otro. Sin embargo, al controlar por la comprensión verbal, sí se observaron diferencias entre la velocidad de procesamiento de los infantes respecto de la valencia del tono.
Los resultados de esta investigación ofrecen una comprensión más profunda del proceso mediante el cual los infantes integran las señales emocionales y lingüísticas de su entorno, con implicaciones para futuros estudios sobre el desarrollo temprano y la intervención en poblaciones con déficits en habilidades sociales y comunicativas, que, a largo plazo, ayudarán al desarrollo de una óptima comprensión emocional con miras a brindarles un óptimo desarrollo emocional y cognitivo.