Artículos Diseño
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Publication Advances in the Sustainable Development of Biobased Materials Using Plant and Animal Waste as Raw Materials: A Review(2024) SALAZAR SANDOVAL, SEBASTIAN ANDRES; Amenábar, Alejandra; Toledo, Ignacio; Silva, Nataly; Contreras, PaulinaThere is substantial concern about critical environmental problems related to waste in production sectors such as textile, construction, and packaging. The materials ascribed to the sector’s unsustainability are primarily fabrics, plastic, and hazardous solvents, making developing new biobased materials imperative. As such, various strategies have been investigated to convert and recycle waste and give them commercial value via the manufacture of biobased materials. This review discusses the various types of raw materials as sources to develop new biobased materials that could promote the transition toward sustainability. According to the literature, the functional qualities of biobased materials are comparable to those of synthetic materials. Raw material sources such as biomass, derived from plant and animal-based waste, are attractive due to their low cost, abundance, and biodegradability. The manufacture of biomaterials, as well as their characterization and performance, are also discussed. Further, this review will offer a comprehensive view of the potential applicability and current commercial applications of the developed biobased materials in relevant areas such as packaging, construction, textile, and wastewater remediation. This could be a potential field of research to address the environmental challenges posed by the continuous growth of the global population.Publication New paths in small manufacturing: how is digital transformation shaping collaboration between designers and craftspeople?(2023) Gerea, Carmen; Herskovic, Valeria; Rodríguez, María Fernanda; Cajamarca, Gabriela; Gajardo, RodrigoCollaboration between designers and craftspeople, or designers and small manufacturers, is a strategy aiming to revive the local manufacturing industry in countries impacted by post-industrial economic challenges. In this paper we examine a local initiative—a community of practice (CoP) composed of designers and craftspeople—by studying how they have used technology to collaborate, in order to identify opportunities for long-term growth of this community. To gain a deep understanding of the dynamics in the community, the collaboration process during the workshop and after it, we used a three-phase qualitative research strategy. We conducted interviews with the participants and staff, analyzed an 11-month period of communications in the WhatsApp group and, finally, conducted a co-design session. We identify opportunities and challenges related to the design and implementation of a personalized collaborative system that fulfills the needs of the users as individuals and community members.Publication β-Cyclodextrin nanosponges inclusion compounds associated with silver nanoparticles to increase the antimicrobial activity of quercetin(2023) Salazar Sandoval, Sebastián; Bruna, Tamara; Maldonado-Bravo, Francisca; Bolaños, Karen; Adasme-Reyes, Sofía; Riveros, Ana; Caro, Nelson; Yutronic, Nicolás; Silva, Nataly; Kogan, Marcelo J.; Jara, PaulThis work aimed to synthesize and characterize a nanocarrier that consisted of a ternary system, namely β-cyclodextrin-based nanosponge (NS) inclusion compounds (ICs) associated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to increase the antimicrobial activity of quercetin (QRC). The nanosystem was developed to overcome the therapeutical limitations of QRC. The host–guest interaction between NSs and QRC was confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE–SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H–NMR). Moreover, the association of AgNPs with the NS–QRC was characterized using FE–SEM, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), ζ-potential, and UV–Vis. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of the novel formulations was tested, which depicted that the complexation of QRC inside the supramolecular interstices of NSs increases the inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli ATCC25922, as compared to that observed in the free QRC. In addition, at the same concentrations used to generate an antibacterial effect, the NS–QRC system with AgNPs does not affect the metabolic activity of GES–1 cells. Therefore, these results suggest that the use of NSs associated with AgNPs resulted in an efficient strategy to improve the physicochemical features of QRC.Publication Visual styles, hidden discourses : an exploratory case study of a Chilean education university(2023) Bravo, Úrsula; Marini, GuillermoThis article reports the findings of a study aimed at exploring the visual discourses at a Chilean education university. First, building on the classic ‘hidden curriculum’ and ‘school art style’ literature, it justifies the need to discuss how higher education institutions model the ways through which teachers-to-be com-prehend and use visual resources. Second, the article presents the results of a critical visual methodology performed in the oldest education university in Chile. Through a visual discourse analysis of the experience of walking around the campus, it elaborates on the university’s visual styles comprising the themes, technologies and locations of artefacts. Third, it discusses the relationships between courtyard and hallway images loaded with critical motivations and classroom images portraying stereotyped and anachronistic views of childhood. The article concludes by urging to incorporate quality visual pedagogy orientations in teacher education.Publication Synthesis and characterization of magnetite/gold core shell nanoparticles stabilized with a -cyclodextrin nanosponge to develop a magneto-plasmonic system(2023) Salazar Sandoval, Sebastián; Santibáñez, Daniel; Riveros, Ana; Araneda, Fabián; Bruna, Tamara; Silva, Nataly; Yutronic, Nicolás; Kogan, Marcelo J.; Jara, PaulMagnetite/gold core-shell nanoparticles (magnetite/gold NPs) have important optical and magnetic properties that provide potential for applications, especially biomedical ones. However, their preparation is not exempt from difficulties that might lead to unexpected or undesired structures. This work reports the synthesis and characterization of magnetite/gold NPs using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) to promote the formation of a continuous interface between the magnetite core and the thin gold shell. The synthesized magnetite/gold NPs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), ζ-potential, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), UV-Visible spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering (DLS), confirming the core-shell structure of the NPs with narrow size distribution while evidencing its plasmonic and superparamagnetic properties as well. Further, the magnetite/gold NPs were associated and stabilized with a β-cyclodextrin nanosponge (β-CDNSs), obtaining a versatile magneto-plasmonic system for potential applications in the encapsulation and controlled release of drugs.Publication Proyecto TID: Transferencia - Innovación - Diseño para la Diversificación Productiva Exportadora de la Región del Biobío, Chile(2022) Contreras C., Paulina; Díaz G., HernánBiobío es una de las regiones más importantes de Chile a nivel productivo. Fuente de recursos forestales, agropecuarios y pesqueros, polo de desarrollo industrial, de formación de capital humano e investigación, es una de las zonas con mayor proyección de crecimiento y descentralización. En este contexto, el Comité de Desarrollo Productivo Regional tiene como objetivo incrementar la capacidad innovadora y la competitividad del tejido empresarial, en especial de sus pequeñas y medianas empresas. Es aquí donde el diseño posee un espacio que no se ha formalizado como tal. La Facultad de Diseño de la Universidad del Desarrollo ha tenido como misión, desde sus comienzos, impulsar la realización de proyectos académicos que posibiliten a sus estudiantes estar en contacto directo con el emprendimiento y los procesos de desarrollo económico. Gracias a la adjudicación del Fondo de Innovación para la Competitividad Gobierno Regional del Biobío, al apoyo del Instituto de Innovación Interdisciplinaria iCubo UDD y ProChile Regional, a partir de 2014, nace el proyecto TID, el cual permitió fortalecer dicho vínculo y profundizar el trabajo colaborativo entre la universidad y el sector productivo. TID se planteó en su inicio como una experiencia piloto para fomentar la transferencia tecnológica entre academia y empresa local, a través de la disciplina del diseño. Su propósito fue contribuir a la visibilización de oportunidades para instalar el diseño como pieza clave en el engranaje de generación de innovación a nivel regional, aportando al cambio de malla curricular; a la formación de capital humano de diseñadores entrenados en innovación; a la implementación de infraestructura y tecnologías; a la ejecución de un programa piloto de transferencia de diseño a 12 empresas regionales; y a la implementación de diversas acciones de difusión del diseño a nivel regional y nacional como un catalizador de competitividad tanto en economías desarrolladas como emergentes. La participación de representantes regionales de instituciones académicas, gobierno, asociaciones gremiales y empresarios, y la transferencia de diseño a empresas, nos entregaron la oportunidad de contrastar visiones para un mejor entendimiento de la realidad de esta disciplina. Pero no solo eso, también nos dieron la posibilidad de obtener valiosos aprendizajes, que son la base para la propuesta de desafíos y responsabilidades a coordinar entre la triada Estado-Academia -Empresa (también denominada triple hélice), para incorporar al diseño en la Estrategia Regional de Innovación. Dicha experiencia piloto fue el punto de partida para la formulación del proyecto TID UDD 2019-2021 “Programa TID Transferencia Innovación Diseño 2019-2021. Articulación Estado-Academia-Empresa para la diversificación productiva con base tecnológica y sustentable, de bienes y servicios exportables para empresas de la Región del Biobío” el Fecha de recepción: septiembre 2019 Fecha de aceptación: noviembre 2019 Versión final: febrero 2020Cuaderno 103 | Centro de Estudios en Diseño y Comunicación (2020/2021). pp 251-262 ISSN 1668-0227252 P. Contreras Correa y H. Díaz GálvezProyecto TID (...) cual ha sido financiado nuevamente por el Fondo de Innovación para la Competitividad de la Región del Bío Bío (FIC-R) 2018. A través de este proyecto, se consolidará el programa TID y su inserción en la Estrategia Regional de Desarrollo del Biobío, buscando impactar en la investigación y desarrollo para la diversificación de bienes y servicios exportables, logrando un programa referente desde la región, hacia Chile y el resto del mundo. El programa contempla poner en marcha tres áreas de trabajo: 1. Mesa TID: espacio de articulación, a través de encuentros mensuales de discusión presencial y toma de decisiones del Programa TID, con participación de distintos actores relevantes de la triple hélice a nivel regional. 2. Observatorio TID: espacio de investigación, diagnóstico y monitoreo de empresas de los distintos sectores productivos de la Región del Biobío, que se implementará en colaboración nacional con GEM Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Chile e internacional con el Institute for Design Innovation, London. 3. Laboratorio TID: espacio de investigación y desarrollo tecnológico que buscará incrementar la creación de valor de nuevos productos y servicios sustentables para empresas de base productiva de la Región del Biobío, a través de la articulación colaborativa con la triple hélice, con el apoyo del Área de Exploración Tecnológica UDD, y la Subdirección de Transferencia Tecnológica iCono UDD. Además, se contempla la realización de eventos, exposiciones y seminarios abiertos a toda la comunidad empresarial, académica y de fomento productivo de la región.Publication El Taller Integrado de Diseño como espacio de aprendizaje y simulador de vuelo(2022) Zorzano, Osvaldo¿Cómo y en qué momento dar sentido de la realidad a un estudiante de Diseño? ¿En qué espacios se pueden poner en práctica en contextos reales los conocimientos y competencias adquiridas por un estudiante ? ¿Qué procesos y herramientas pedagógicas utilizar para que el estudiante ejerza la autonomía que necesitará para enfrentar un Proyecto de Título? Estas preguntas rondan en la cabeza de muchos académicos y docentes y son parte de las discusiones que se dan dentro de las unidades académicas cuando se discute el sentido y propósito de formar diseñadores (o deberían serlo). Un Taller de Diseño es siempre un espacio de aprendizaje donde convergen tradiciones y modelos históricos de “cómo debe transmitirse el conocimiento a la hora de formar colegas” versus “cómo innovar permanentemente e integrar las nuevas herramientas y lenguajes” que permiten estar a tono con el contexto en que estos jóvenes colegas ejercerán la profesión. Este desafío se vuelve más rudo cuando se trata del taller que “puentea” el cierre del pregrado con la etapa de titulación. El presente artículo es un registro muy resumido de la experiencia de Taller Integrado de Diseño en el octavo semestre de la carrera de Diseño en la Universidad del Desarrollo.Publication A cien años de la Bauhaus : conexiones, ideales y materialización de un proyecto utópico(2022) Frindt Garretón,María ValeriaEn el presente artículo se exponen algunas ideas resultantes de las reflexiones en torno a la Bauhaus en cursos de Historia del Diseño realizados durante los últimos años. El diseño, como disciplina, es relativamente nuevo, propio del contexto Moderno posterior a la Revolución Industrial. En su corta trayectoria ha permitido que muchas personas mejoren su calidad de vida, gracias a innovaciones que ha incorporado y a la masificación de objetos bien hechos. A pesar de que muchos la ven como una profesión vanidosa, sus orígenes permitieron nuestra subsistencia y, actualmente, una vez cubiertas las necesidades básicas, se ha convertido en una potente herramienta de desarrollo social.Item Review on Generation and Characterization of Copper Particles and Copper Composites Prepared by Mechanical Milling on a Lab-Scale(2023) Salazar Sandoval, Sebastián; Silva, NatalyThis review aims to expose mechanical milling as an alternative method for generating copper-based particles (copper particles (CuP) and copper composites (CuC)); more specifically, via a top-down or bottom-up approach, on a lab-scale. This work will also highlight the different parameters that can affect the size distribution, the type, and the morphology of the obtained CuP or CuC, such as the type of mechanical mill, ball-to-powder ratios (BPR), the milling speed, milling time, and the milling environment, among others. This review analyzes various papers based on the Cu-based particle generation route, which begins with a pretreatment step, then mechanical milling, its approach (top-down or bottom-up), and the post-treatment. Finally, the characterization methods of the resulting CuP and CuC through mechanical milling are also discussed.Item Design of an eOSCE for the Chilean Healthcare Context(2022) Zamorano, Francisco; Reyes, Mauricio; Espinoza, Germán; Reyes, Edison-PabloObjective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is the standard to assess and train clinical skills in healthcare students. However, conducting an OSCE demands expensive resources such as time, qualified personnel, and adequate facilities. The aim to provide more cost-effective examinations has promoted the emergence of electronic versions of OSCEs (eOSCEs). However, existing eOSCEs available in the market do not adequately adapt to diverse local contexts. For a Spanish-speaking country such as Chile, implementing foreign eOSCEs requires to adjust the examination to unfamiliar terminology, archetypes, and procedures, thus hindering the quality of the assessment. This article reports on the design of Ch-eOSCE, an eOSCE tailored for the Chilean local context and culture. Ch-eOSCE is comprised of a mobile application and a back-end system. A prototype of the application was developed and tested with three healthcare experts to gather their perception of usability and coherence, yielding an overall evaluation of 4.5 in a scale range of 5. The preliminary results reveal that Ch-eOSCE has the potential to become a viable solution for a context-specific eOSCE for the Chilean healthcare context.Item ¿De quién es la diplomacia pública? El rol del Departamento Autónomo de Prensa y Publicidad (DAPP) en la propaganda exterior cardenista(2018) Dümmer Scheel, SylviaEl artículo explora el rol que tuvo el Departamento Autónomo de Prensa y Publicidad (1937-1939) sobre la diplomacia pública de México. Su creación interrumpió la labor que realizaba tradicionalmente la Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, obligando a redefinir qué organismo era responsable de la propaganda exterior de la nación: ¿aquél que se encargaba de las comunicaciones del gobierno, o la dependencia responsable de las relacionas internacionales del país? Se profundiza en el desafío que representó para el dapp considerar la mediación cultural que requiere la diplomacia pública, y en los esfuerzos de la sre por mantener cierto control sobre dicha laborItem Embodiment and fashionable colours in rock paintings of the Atacama Desert, Northern Chile(2022) Cabello, Gloria; Sepúlveda, Marcela; Brancoli, BernarditaRed, white and black are colours commonly found in rock paintings around the globe. In northern Chile’s Atacama Desert, visual representations produced between 2000 BC and 1550 CE also include yellow, orange, violet, blue and green. This polychrome usage is particularly notable in the dress of anthropomorphs and is characterised by extreme attention to detail and the use of an exclusive set of raw materials. These unique aspects enable us to discuss the value and meaning of colour in past societies throughout different periods of the local sequence, beyond its consideration as a stylistic indicator.Item Building a Community Through Service Design and Responsiveness to Emotions(2021) Soto, Mariluz; Mollenhauer, Katherine; Miettinen, Satu; Sarantou, MelanieThis chapter focuses on decolonising practices in service design in a quality certification project carried out for a Master of Design programme in Chile. The process resulted in a change of perspective, from that of a strict and formal quality certification process of a postgraduate programme, which is a requirement in the Chilean education system, to one that involved the co-definition and co-creation of a community. Measures of improvement of the programme were explored by integrating sensitive and fundamental emotions identified by the students, graduates and teachers of the programme. The research methods for data collection included workshops, surveys and collecting testimonials. Significant findings illuminated the role of the service designer/facilitator as the promoter of dialogue and creator of an optimal atmosphere for co-creation, and how decolonising approaches in service design through a continuous process of reflection on achievements and emotional and behavioural processes strengthened a sense of belonging and collaboration throughout the process.Item The flow of emotions in co-creation(2021) Soto, Mariluz; Beaulé, Caoimhe Isha; Miettinen, SatuCo-creation is a broadly used practise among service designers, as a workshop is an effective way to build new solutions or improvements together. The focus of this article is on the emotions arising before and during the co-creation workshop and a reflection on what influences them. The first purpose of this article is to deepen the understanding of emotions that emerge in the co-creation workshops that are commonly encountered by the different participants. The second purpose is to determine if there are other factors that influence the experience of co-creation. In this article, emotions are considered a human response—consciously or unconsciously—that connects human beings with their surroundings. This connection has an impact on people’s emotions and determines their experience, attitude, behaviours and interactions in the workshop environment.Item Inclusive education driven by design: the case of a graduate seminar course(2021) Bravo, Ursula; Rivera, MaritzaThis case study explores the use of design tools by educators with an aim to answer the question: How can a design-based approach contribute to the development of strategies for inclusive education? Thirty-five educators, who were students from the final year of a master’s degree focusing on inclusive education taught at a Chilean university, participated in the study. The information collected included participant observation and the analysis of the work elaborated by the educators throughout the seminar. Subsequently, we selected the trajectories of three participants, which were analysed by open coding. The results suggest that adopting a design-based focus helped the educators understand pedagogical problems as systems of relationships, frame problems constructively, think visually about possible teaching strategies and develop didactic materials to respond to the special educational needs of their students. These findings are important in the light of inclusive education policies that seek to ensure the regular education system provides learning opportunities for all students, regardless of their physical or intellectual characteristics.Item Workshop: How to Design to Improve Life Compass, a problem-solving tool by The Index Project(2021) Cortés, Catalina; Alesandro, MarianoThe current context derived from the Covid-19 pandemic has abruptly modified what we knew as “the education system” globally. If before education was located mainly in the classroom, today the hybrid modality makes educational dynamics more complex and must focus on the development of critical thinking skills to foster autonomy and problem-solving abilities in teachers and students. Educators more than ever need to prepare students to work and thrive in an unknown future scenario. Professionals in the future will need to lead sustainable innovation by considering the longterm implications of their design solutions in every field. This workshop is an introduction to the Compass® methodology developed by The Index Project®. The Compass is a flexible frame of action to organize, structure, and manage problem-solving processes. The difference between this method and other design thinking models is its focus on maintaining coherence between form, impact, and context in every phase of the design process to evaluate solutions holistically and sustainably to improve people’s lives.Item Design educators in the 21st century: Applying The Compass methodology to prepare future designers as changemakers in a culture of resilience.(2021) Cortés, Catalina; Amenábar, AlejandraDesign education faces new challenges due to the growing globalization, dynamism of markets, the development of technology and high levels of complexity in various systems. The Circular Economy has been proposed as a restoration concept that implies reusing materials, using renewable energies and reducing waste. Designers have the opportunity of leading sustainable innovation by considering the long-term implications of their actions. Design educators should focus on teaching future designers to think critically to fulfil the responsibility of designing a sustainable world. Nineteen instructors at our design school were certified by The Index Project® to teach the Compass® methodology. This paper describes major takeaways self-reported by the participating instructors through the final article assignment delivered to Index. Findings from each article were classified and compared using a matrix to determine common and individual discoveries. Data analysis enabled us to identify successful aspects of the methodology when applied to the variety of cases and areas of improvement for future development. The Compass proved to be a flexible frame of action to organize, structure and manage the design process. The fundamental aspect valued by instructors and students is the focus of the method on maintaining coherence between FORM, IMPACT and CONTEXT throughout the design projects.Item Design Process Models as Metaphors in Education Context(2021) Bravo, Ursula; Bohemia, ErikWe argue that visual representations of design processes contribute toward social and material practices of design(ing). They are used as didactic devices. We will discuss them using metaphors to illustrate that they are active material devices of which circulation, production and consumption are informed and informing perceived complexities, ambiguities and paradoxes associated with design. We propose a follow-up study to investigate how teachers and designers use and interpret visual design process models. The reason is to identify how these models are informing what design is as we are interested to understand how these models are contributing to the development of Design Literacies.Item Design Literacy enabling Critical Innovation Practices(2021) Nielsen, Liv Merete; Lutnæs, Eva; Porko-Hudd, Mia; Bravo, Ursula; Cortés, Catalina; Almendra, Rita Assoreira; Bohemia, ErikItem Mapping experimental and theoretical reactivity descriptors of fe macrocyclic complexes deposited on graphite or on multi walled carbon nanotubes for the oxidation of thiols: Thioglycolic acid oxidation(2021) Matute, Ricardo A.; Toro-Labbé, Alejandro; Oyarzún, María Paz; Ramírez, Sara; Ortega, Daniela; Oyarce, Karina; Silva, Nataly; Zagal, José H.We have studied the electro-oxidation of thioglycolic acid (TGA) catalyzed by iron phthalocyanines and iron porphyrins (FeN4 complexes) deposited on ordinary pyrolytic graphite and on multiwalled carbon nanotubes. The purpose of this work is to establish both experimental and theoretical reactivity descriptors of MN4 macrocyclic complexes for electrooxidation of thioglycolic acid (TGA) as an extension of previous studies involving other reactions using these types of catalysts. Essentially, the reactivity descriptors are all related to the ability of the metal center in the MN4 moiety to coordinate an extra planar ligand that corresponds to the reacting molecule. This coordinating ability, represented by the M-TGA binding energy can be modulated by tuning the electron-donation ability of the ligand and it is linearly correlated with the Fe(III)/(II) redox potential of the complex. Experimental plots of activity as (log j)E at constant potential versus the Fe(III)/(II) redox potential of the MN4 catalysts give volcano correlations. A semi-theoretical plot of catalytic activities (log j)E vs DFT calculated Fe-TGA binding energies (EbTGA) is consistent with the experimental volcano-type correlations describing both strong and weak binding linear correlations of those volcanos. On the other hand, the Hirshfeld population analysis shows a positive charge on the Fe center of the FeN4 complexes, indicating that electron transfer occurs from the TGA to the Fe center in the FeN4 complexes that act as electron acceptors. The donor (TGA)-acceptor (Fe) intermolecular hardness ΔηDA was also used as reactivity descriptor and the reactivity of the Fe centers as (log j)E increase linearly as ΔηDA increases. If activity is considered per active site, the trends is exactly the opposite, i.e. a plot of (logTOF)E increases linearly as ΔηDA decreases as expected form the Maximum Hardness-Principle. A plot of (logTOF)E versus E°’Fe(III)/(II) gives a linear correlation indicating that the activity per active site increases as the redox potential decreases.