Artículos Gobierno

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Spatial navigation entropy suggests allocentric dysfunction in PPPD
(2025) Faúndez, Felipe; Arévalo-Romero, Camilo; Villarroel, Karen; Lavín, Claudio; Alarcón, Kevin; Vial, Gustavo; Artus, Francisco; Billeke, Pablo; Delano, Paul H.; Breinbauer, Hayo
Introduction: Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) is a common chronic dizziness disorder with an unclear pathophysiology. It is hypothesized that PPPD may involve functional dysfunction of the construction of inner cognitive maps, leading to disrupted spatial cognition processes as a core feature. The present studies attempt to unravel the neural mechanisms that underlie spatial navigation in PPPD. Methods: Fifty-two participants completed the study: 19 PPPD patients, 20 control subjects with vestibular disorders but without PPPD (with comparable peripheral vestibular function to the PPPD group, and 13 healthy volunteers). All underwent a virtual Morris Water Maze (vMWM) task in both, non-immersive (NI) and virtual reality (VR) modalities, assessing spatial navigation performance, gaze behavior, and head kinematics. Results: PPPD patients exhibited significantly worse navigation performance than both control groups across all metrics, with greater impairments in predominantly allocentric tasks. They also showed increased exploratory gaze behavior, unaffected by NI vs. VR modality or task condition. Head kinematics did not significantly differ between the three groups, though a non-significant trend indicated reduced head movement in both PPPD and vestibular controls. VR intolerance was highest in PPPD patients, followed by vestibular controls, with healthy volunteers showing the lowest discomfort. Discussion: Our findings suggest that PPPD involves deficits in allocentric spatial navigation, likely due to predictive coding errors and impaired internal model updating, rather than sensory input dysfunction. Increased gaze scanning may reflect compensatory mechanisms for spatial uncertainty. Notably, VR immersion did not alter navigation performance, suggesting visuo-vestibular conflict is not the primary driver of PPPD-related spatial deficits. These findings offer new insights into PPPD as a disorder of spatial cognition, opening avenues for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
White matter volume and microstructural integrity are associated with fatigue in relapsing multiple sclerosis
(2025) Figueroa-Vargas, Alejandra; Navarrete-Caro, Sebastián; Cárcamo, Claudia; Ciampi, Ethel; Vásquez-Torres, Macarena; Soler, Bernardita; Montalba, Cristian; Iriarte-Carter, Matías; Martínez-Molina, María Paz; Carvajal-Paredes, Patricio; Ayala-Ochoa, Mariana; Márquez-Rodríguez, Víctor; Figueroa-Taiba, Paulo; Díaz-Díaz, Marcela; Herrero, Joaquín; Henríquez-Ch., Rodrigo; Stecher, Ximena; Manterola, Carla; Zamorano, Francisco; Guevara, Pamela; Aboitiz, Francisco; Billeke, Pablo
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a prevalent neurological disorder marked by inflammation and demyelination, with fatigue being one of the most reported and debilitating symptoms. While fatigue occurs across various neurological conditions and even in healthy individuals, the specific mechanisms contributing to fatigue in each context remain unclear. In this study, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis involving 32 people with relapsing MS (PwRMS) and 29 healthy controls who reported fatigue. Participants underwent MRI scans, including T1-weighted and diffusion-weighted imaging. Additionally, the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale was utilized. We employed Bayesian LASSO and Spike-and-Slab LASSO regression models to investigate the hypothesis that fatigue correlates differently with brain structures in PwRMS. Our findings revealed brain regions associated with general and cognitive fatigue. In particular, reduced white matter volume and compromised microstructural integrity in specific areas—such as the cingulate gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, and the banks of the superior temporal sulcus—showed significant associations with fatigue scores in PwRMS. These results suggest that alterations in specific brain regions may play a critical role in the clinical manifestation of fatigue in MS. Understanding these insights could help differentiate general mechanisms of fatigue from those affecting people with relapsing MS, which may guide future therapeutic strategies.
Feelings of insecurity as a gender-specific constraint on urban mobility
(2025) Contreras Gómez, Hugo Alejandro; Candia, Cristian; Rodríguez-Sickert, Carlos; Ferres, Leo; Troncoso, Rodrigo
Crime and violence shape psychological and sociological perceptions, fostering a sense of insecurity, especially in urban settings. This perception significantly alters lifestyles, routines, and social interactions. In this study, it is conducted an empirical analysis of the relationship between personal feelings of insecurity and the way individuals move in their daily lives, with a particular focus on differences between genders. The methodology used combines subjective data gathered from individuals’ reported perceptions of insecurity with objective data derived from digital mobile phone tracking, providing a comprehensive view of how these fears affect people’s daily routines and mobility patterns. The results highlight that perceived insecurity is significantly related to a lower mobility of individuals of both genders. This effect is more pronounced in women, reflecting significant gender-based differences in the impact of perceived insecurity on daily mobility. The findings, revealing higher levels of insecurity and fear of crime among women, require policy action. Public policy must prioritize making urban spaces, such as bus stops, squares, parks, sports courts, and streets, safer and more welcoming for women. This approach is essential to create an urban environment that is inclusive, secure, and conducive to the well-being of all its inhabitants.
Self-select groups increase stability but reduce collaboration in high school physics
(2025) Ramírez, Diego; Guzmán Lavín, Eugenio; Pulgar, Javier; Candia, Cristian
Group configurations shape social skills and learning outcomes by fostering student interaction and collaboration. Yet, the factors influencing group formation, social cohesion, and group stability have remained understudied in physics education. Here, we examine these factors in a cohort of 90 students from ninth and tenth grades at a private school in Chile. For a semester-long physics project, students were assigned to groups either through random allocation (control group) or given the autonomy to form their own groups (experimental group). Our findings indicate that the groups formed by choice developed stronger friendship bonds throughout the semester, while the groups formed randomly demonstrated greater levels of cooperation and more frequent changes in membership, suggesting weaker social cohesion. Additionally, tenth-grade students were more likely to stay in their original groups, possibly indicating increased social maturity. These findings emphasize the ongoing challenge in education of balancing student choice in group formation with the need for diverse group compositions that enhance learning. This study provides practical recommendations for physics teachers and researchers.
Trazando Caminos: Adaptación Escolar de Niñas y Niños Migrantes Preescolares de Segunda Generación en Chile
(2025) Ortiz-López, Juan Eduardo; Pavez Soto, Iskra; Ríos Chandía, Marta; Ruz Gallegos, Carla; Luengo Henríquez, Fernanda
Este artículo analiza los desafíos y facilitadores en la educación preescolar de niños/as migrantes de segunda generación en Chile. Se empleó una metodología cualitativa para recopilar la información. Como resultados, se identificaron barreras lingüísticas, particularmente para los niños/as haitianos/as, afectando negativamente su adaptación escolar y bienestar socioemocional. Los facilitadores incluyen la conexión entre la escuela y el hogar, el diseño de actividades inclusivas y la participación activa de las familias. Se destaca la importancia de involucrar a los y las docentes en la adaptación cultural y lingüística, ya que la colaboración efectiva entre la escuela y el hogar promueve un sentido de pertenencia y autoestima en los niños/as. Las estrategias pedagógicas inclusivas, como el uso de recursos visuales y la diversificación de experiencias educativas, se consideran fundamentales para fomentar la participación y el aprendizaje significativo de los niños y niñas migrantes.
Burnout y satisfacción laboral en trabajadores/as sociales de la Región de Ñuble, Chile
(2025) Palma-Contreras, Andrea María; Marchant-Troncoso, Francisca Antonia; Vera-Meza, Viviana Edith; Larraín-Valenzuela, Josefina
El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el nivel de burnout (agotamiento) en trabajadores/as sociales de la Región de Ñuble de Chile y estudiar la asociación de fenómenos laborales adversos -altas demandas emocionales, acoso laboral, vulnerabilidad laboral y sobrecarga laboral- con burnout y entre burnout y dichos fenómenos con insatisfacción laboral. Se realizó un estudio transversal mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario de auto reporte a 173 trabajadores/as sociales (143 mujeres y 30 hombres) de la Red Intersectorial de Trabajadores/as Sociales de la Región de Ñuble. Los resultados muestran que el 6.9% de los encuestados presenta síndrome de Burnout. En los análisis bivariados se observa asociación de altas demandas emocionales, presencia de acoso laboral y sobrecarga laboral con Burnout. Además, se encontró una asociación de Burnout, acoso laboral los últimos 6 meses, vulnerabilidad e inestabilidad laboral con la insatisfacción laboral. Al ajustar por atención de público y años de trayectoria se encontró que los trabajadores con altas demandas emocionales (OR= 6,811), acoso laboral [OR=5,430) y sobrecarga laboral (OR=4,431) tienen mayor chance de presentar Burnout que aquellos/as que no reportan dichas condiciones. Por último, se realizó un análisis por tramo de sueldo y tipo de contrato, los que reportan burnout (OR= 4,042), vulnerabilidad laboral (OR=2,464) o inestabilidad laboral (OR=2,526), tienen más chance de presentar insatisfacción laboral que los que no reportan esos fenómenos.
Hedging under hegemony: domestic pathways to autonomy in Latin America
(2025) Sims, Juan Pablo; Lee, Brice Tseen Fu
The accelerating rivalry between the United States and China has unsettled Latin America’s long-standing security hierarchy and opened limited, but tangible, space for strategic manoeuvre. This article asks why only a handful of Latin American and Caribbean governments succeed in hedging, deepening economic ties with Beijing while retaining Washington’s security umbrella, whereas ostensibly similar neighbours remain locked in one-sided alignment. Bridging hierarchy theory and new-institutional economics, it argues that effective hedging under US regional hegemony depends on a domestic triad: robust state capacity, political stability, and resilient macro-economic fundamentals. A fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis of 14 countries (2013–2023) operationalises a novel Hedging Index that blends trade and arms-procurement shares. Six equifinal pathways emerge; all true hedgers possess at least one strong institutional or economic pillar, while states deficient in both invariably default to alignment. The findings refine hedging theory for hierarchical regions and highlight the practical value of institutional upgrading for strategic autonomy.
Ideological positions in the chilean chamber of deputies (2002–2026): A legislative roll-call dataset
(2025) Fábrega Lacoa, Jorge
This dataset provides ideological position estimates for members of the Chilean Chamber of Deputies across six consecutive legislative periods, spanning from 2002 to 2026 in four-year intervals. The estimates are based exclusively on roll-call votes related to bill proposals debated and voted on in the plenary sessions. It excludes other types of votes, such as those on non-binding agreements or investigative commissions, which do not directly contribute to lawmaking. To estimate ideological positions, the dataset includes results from three distinct methods. The first uses the classic DW-NOMINATE model, primarily for comparative purposes. The second applies a Bayesian model to estimate latent ideological positions within each legislative period. The third introduces a dynamic model suitable for large scale data that links estimates across time, allowing direct comparisons of ideological positions even when legislators served in different periods. In addition to ideological estimates, the dataset includes information on each deputy's party affiliations throughout their time in office, as well as their age and date of birth. A major electoral reform enacted during the middle of this time frame increased the number of deputies from 120 to 155. As a result, earlier periods contain fewer legislators than later ones—a structural change that enhances the dataset's value for studying institutional evolution and its effects on legislative dynamics. Each methodological approach offers a different lens to examine ideological variation and change within the Chilean legislature. The dynamic model, in particular, supports longitudinal research by enabling consistent ideological comparisons across more than two decades. Researchers can use this dataset to explore topics such as political polarization, coalition dynamics, party-system development, and the relationship between institutional reforms and representation. The structure and transparency of the dataset make it suitable for integration with other legislative or electoral databases, offering additional opportunities for analysis in political science, public policy, and institutional studies.
Harshness and unpredictability during childhood: an approach from life-history theory to understanding risk behaviors
(2025) Guzmán Lavín, Eugenio; Figueroa, Oriana; Muñoz Reyes, José Antonio; Aldunate, Nerea; Polo Rodrigo, Pablo
Introduction: Previous studies have investigated the relationship between childhood experiences of harshness and unpredictability and risky adult behaviors from a life-history theory perspective. However, findings have been inconsistent, suggesting that the relationship between early environments and current behavior is complex and may be influenced by moderating variables. This study examined whether childhood harshness (resource scarcity) and unpredictability (proximal environmental instability) were positively related to risk propensity, considering reproductive strategy-related trade-offs (i.e., the age of first sexual intercourse and the age of menarche) and current environmental factors (i.e., being in a committed relationship, perceived family support, and poverty rate of the participant’s municipality) as potential moderators. Methods: We sampled 368 individuals in two settings: college classrooms and a controlled laboratory environment. Results: Overall, we did not find a clear relationship between perceived childhood environment and risk-taking. Contrary to expectations, we found a positive relationship between perceived childhood harshness and risk propensity in women who delayed their first sexual intercourse. Exploratory analyses by data collection setting revealed that harsh and unpredictable childhood environments may impact risk propensity differently, though no coherent pattern emerged. Discussion: This study underscores the importance of context dependence and the need to consider additional variables that may moderate the relationship between childhood experiences and risk-taking behaviors.
Caracterización de penados reincidentes en cárceles chilenas
(2025) Olavarría Gambi, Mauricio; Fábrega Lacoa, Jorge; Guzmán Cáceres, Gonzalo
El artículo caracteriza el comportamiento delictual reincidente e intrapenal, identifica la motivación para adoptar una identidad criminal, roles y estatus entre la población carcelaria. La información analizada proviene de 66 entrevistas a profesionales y gendarmes a cargo de módulos de supervigilancia, que ejercen roles institucionales en 13 cárceles ubicadas en las ciudades de Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta, Santiago y Concepción. La información se analizó con el método de teoría fundada. Los resultados del análisis son confrontados con hallazgos de literatura especializada, complementándolos. Aspectos ecológicos, familiares, de personalidad, asociación a pares y bajos logros educacionales aparecen como características sobresalientes de quienes presentan reiteración en el delito. El artículo propone hipótesis acerca del comportamiento delictual reincidente, su motivación y la conformación de la identidad delictual. Finalmente, identifica ámbitos de intervención de políticas públicas que podrían estimular el desistimiento criminal.
Impacts of vehicle restrictions on urban traffic speeds and transit ridership: an empirical analysis using high-frequency data
(2025) Grange, Louis de; Pezoa, Raúl; Troncoso, Rodrigo
The impacts of vehicle restrictions in Santiago, Chile, on the average speeds of vehicle traffic and public buses as well as on transit card validations are quantified using novel high-frequency data, coming from millions of records from a ride-hailing service and the city’s public transport system. The restrictions were in force on weekdays during May through August between 7:30 am and 9 pm in urban districts, and applied on a given day to 20 % of the stock of vehicles registered before September 2011. The quality, frequency and spatial coverage of the data we use allow us to estimate not only classic methods like before-and-after and differences-in-differences, but also triple differences, which allows for a higher number of control variables. All these methods arrived at the conclusion that the restrictions produce small increases in speed vehicle traffic (between 3.3 % and 4.2 %) and bus speeds (between 1.8 % and 2.3 %); no increases in the use of public transport were detected. Three likely reasons for the size of the effects are the low percentage of vehicles subject to the restrictions on any given day (approximately 6.9 %), the tendency for frequent drivers to be from higher-income groups and thus to own newer vehicles, and widespread violation of the restrictions due to weak enforcement with low fines.
An Agent-Based Model of Issue Alignment and Polarization Based on the Menu-Independent and Menu-Dependent Influences Model
(2025) Ávila, Pedro; Rodríguez-Sickert, Carlos; Guzmán Price, Ricardo
We present an opinion dynamics agent-based model (ABM) of issue alignment and polarization in two ideological dimensions: society and economy. The ABM formalizes and extends the menu-independent and -dependent influences (MIDI) model, a psychological theory of political attitude formation. The MIDI model posits that citizens naturally adopt social and economic attitudes that are congruent with a latent trait: their need for security and certainty (NSC). MIDI further posits that political discourse offers a menu of ``internally consistent'' ideologies, leading politically engaged individuals to adjust their economic attitudes for consistency. This ABM incorporates congruence bias into a peer influence mechanism: High-NSC agents gravitate toward socially conservative and economically leftist attitudes, while low-NSC agents gravitate toward socially liberal and economically rightist attitudes. A discursive influence mechanism leads agents to increase their ``consistency'' or decrease their ``inconsistency'' by adjusting their economic attitudes: Socially conservative agents move toward economic rightism, socially liberal agents toward economic leftism. The relative strengths of congruence bias and political engagement determine the emergent issue alignment. Counterintuitively, high congruence bias leads to polarization, even though the ABM lacks explicit polarizing forces like homophily, repulsion, or barriers to interaction. Finally, we show how the biased peer mechanism can model other latent-trait theories of issue alignment, such as the rigidity of the right hypothesis and the conflict of visions hypothesis.
Mercury Contamination and Co‑exposures in the Amazon Basin: At the Center of the Planetary Environmental Crisis
(2025) Lucchini, Roberto G.; Basta, Paulo Cesar; Crespo-Lopez, Maria Elena; Gastañaga, Maria del Carmen; O’Callaghan-Gordo, Cristina; Olivero-Verbel, Jesus; Vega, Claudia; Moncada, Stefanny M.; Espinal, Carlos; Felty, Quentin; Deoraj, Alok
Background: Mercury contamination remains a significant public health concern in the Amazon basin. This review synthesizes recent evidence on mercury exposure, health outcomes, and emerging co‑exposures in the Amazon countries. Data were presented at the Annual Conference of Global Health in the Americas, organized by Florida International University in Cartagena, Colombia on September 15, 2023, at a virtual session of the Consortium of Universities for Global Health on November 29, 2023, and subsequently updated with further literature search. Findings: Reported mercury concentrations in fish range from 0.10 to 4.73 µg/g, while hair mercury levels in exposed populations span 3.07–24.6 µg/g. Cross‑sectional studies among Indigenous and traditional communities consistently demonstrate associations between mercury biomarkers—primarily measured in hair and urine—and neurocognitive as well as neuromotor impairments. Additional evidence links mercury exposure to increased cardiovascular and metabolic risk. Genetic susceptibility, notably APOE4 and GSTP1 polymorphisms, may modulate mercury absorption and toxicity. Co‑exposures to microplastics and agrochemicals are increasingly reported in the region, raising concern over synergistic toxic effects. However, scientific evidence on these combined exposures remains fragmented and insufficient. Conclusions and recommendations: To address this critical gap, we propose the formation of a cross‑national scientific consortium to foster collaboration, enhance epidemiological capacity, and strengthen laboratory infrastructure. Crucially, efforts to address mercury contamination must center the voices of Amazonian Indigenous peoples, who bear the greatest burden of exposure while facing persistent social, environmental, and health inequalities. Meaningful engagement with these communities is essential to overcome marginalization and ensure that research, policy, and intervention strategies are culturally informed, equitable, and effective. Coordinated regional action is urgently needed to protect the health and rights of vulnerable Amazonian populations.
¿Qué verdad? Los sentidos de la confesión en Michel Foucault
(2025) Martínez Rivas, Rafael
Este trabajo estudia los distintos sentidos con los que Foucault concibió a la confesión desde que la abordó por primera vez en Los anormales o La voluntad de saber, hasta sus últimos textos y cursos sobre el cristianismo primitivo, deteniéndonos especialmente en Del gobierno de los vivos, Obrar mal, decir la verdad y Las confesiones de la carne. Así, se muestran las evoluciones en ese tratamiento de la confesión y se muestra su función al interior del cristianismo o del sistema judicial contemporáneo, lo que permite complejizar la relación entre el sujeto y la verdad.
Online shopping experience drives online shopping intention: role of omnichannel shopping trust
(2025) Marinao-Artigas, Enrique; Shih, Wei-Chen; Limongi, Ricardo; Laroze, Denise
Purpose – This study proposes a model in which online shopping intention is a consequence of the online shopping experience in an omnichannel environment. Theoretical framework – The experience is shaped by the interaction between a consumer’s cognitive and emotional experiences, with omnichannel shopping trust playing a crucial mediating role in the relationship between online shopping experience and purchase intention. The theoretical model is based on the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) framework. Design/methodology/approach – Data analysis was performed using structural equation model analysis. Systematic random probability sampling was used to recruit 600 consumers, all of whom had experience with omnichannel shopping in Chilean retail settings. Findings – Online shopping intention results from the interaction between cognitive and emotional experiences. Omnichannel shopping trust partially mediates the effect of the online shopping experience on purchase intention. Practical & social implications of research – This study has important implications for digital platform managers and retailers who want to deliver an optimal omnichannel experience. Originality/value – In an omnichannel environment, the retailer needs to establish a strong connection through the cognitive and emotional experience of the shopper
The role of the behavioral immune system in the expression of short and longterm orientation in young Chilean men during the COVID-19 pandemic
(2025) Figueroa, Oriana; Pablo, Pablo; Torrico‑Bazoberry, Daniel; Fajardo, Gabriela; Rodríguez‑Sickert, Carlos; Valenzuela, Nohelia; Arenas, Abigail; Pavez, Paula; Belinchon, Montserrat; Valdebenito, Gabriela; Muñoz Reyes, José Antonio
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic drastically changed people’s lives. It had consequences at the individual and social level. The behavioral immune system predicts that when faced with the risk of contagion from pathogens, people tend to reduce their sociality, especially sociosexuality. We examine this prediction by evaluating decreases in the pandemic of the different dimensions of sociosexuality of young men (i.e., short and long-term mating orientation, sexual desire, and sociosexual behavior) and considering their relationship status (single or paired). Methods and materials We compared data from two cross-sectional studies carried out in the laboratory with convenience sampling methods in the pre-pandemic period (in the years 2016 and 2018 with a sample size of N = 463) and pandemic (face-to-face panstudy N = 234,data online, N = 182), considering possible differences between samples of the same period. We reached an N = 879 young men who answered a sociodemographic questioarticipants answered a sociodemographic questionnaire that inclnnaire and the Multidimensional Sociosexual Orientation Inventory. To test our predictions, we fitted general linear models. Results Results point to a significant decrease in long-term mating orientation in paired and single men, but only when compared with the pandemic face-to-face study. In addition, no differences were found for short-term mating orientation. For sociosexual desire (i.e., sexual fantasies), we found a reduction in single pre-pandemic individuals to be compared with the sample of pandemic online study. Finally, we found a decrease in sociosexual behavior (i.e., number of partners in the last year) between pre-pandemic samples and the pandemic itself, regardless of their relationship status and samples inside of each period. In addition, we carry out analyses with a reduced sample to retest our predictions based on the perception of contagion risk (measured by a survey from OMS). Conclusion We find changes are maintained at the level of sociosexual desire and sexual behavior but mainly in those individuals with a greater perception of the risk of contagion. The hypotheses derived from the behavioral immune system regarding the decrease in sociosexuality in a context of risk of contagion by pathogens, as was the case in the initial period of COVID-19, are corroborated only in terms of desire and behavior, which suggests a certain stability in attitudes i.e., the menace of contagion modifies proximal aspects of sociosexuality, such as fantasies and behavior, but has no apparent effect on the calibration of the predisposition of individuals to varying levels of commitment in sexual relationships. These findings will allow us to understand better how the dimensions of sociosexuality (i.e., fantasies, attitudes and behavior) are affected when there are contexts of high risk of contagion, such as COVID-19. These findings will allow us to understand better how sociosexuality is affected when there are contexts of high risk of contagion, such as COVID-19.
The Evolving Relationship Between Reading Motivation and Achievement: A Longitudinal Study
(2025) Troncoso, Rodrigo; Cubillos, Montserrat
This study examined the reciprocal relationship between reading engagement or motivation and reading achievement across primary and secondary grades in Chile. Using longitudinal SIMCE data from a cohort of 47,073 students assessed in Grade 4 (ages 9–10), Grade 8 (ages 13–14), and Grade 10 (ages 15–16), the study employed structural equation modeling to explore how reading comprehension and motivation influenced one another over time. Results revealed strong temporal stability in both constructs, with reading achievement showing robust continuity across all time points. From Grade 4 to Grade 8, reading achievement more strongly predicted later motivation than the reverse. In contrast, from Grade 8 to Grade 10, motivation became a stronger predictor of reading achievement. These findings suggest a shift in the directionality of influence, with motivation playing an increasingly important role in sustaining reading performance during secondary school. The results provide evidence on what to prioritize at different stages: in primary school, securing strong reading skills is essential for later engagement, while in secondary school, fostering motivation becomes key to maintaining achievement. In this way, the study offers guidance for schools and policymakers on how to design stage-specific strategies that support both skill development and long-term engagement with reading.
South-South migration and entrepreneurship: The case of Chile
(2025) Tala Mussa, Yamil; Apablaza, Mauricio; Mandakovic, Vesna
There is a vast literature addressing migration towards more developing economies, often focusing on migrants' inclusion into local labour markets. However, less information is available regarding the labour inclusion of migrants in emerging economies usually characterized by high levels of inequality and extensive informal markets. Latino America, and Chile in particular, provide a unique opportunity to study the labour market integration of migrants. The region has experienced an unprecedented inflow of migrants in recent years, and Chile has not been an exception to this trend. In 2017, the migrant population in Chile was estimated at around 746 thousand. Five years later, in 2022, the number had escalated to 1.5 million (INE, 2022). Formal and informal barriers have limited migrants' access to formal markets, leading them to opt for informal jobs or entrepreneurial ventures. However, this decision is not homogeneous across migrant subgroups, especially facing external shocks. In this chapter, we will examine the inclusion of migrants in the Chilean labour market between 2017 and 2022. We will explore labour decisions among migrants and locals, analysing demographic characteristics and exploring an econometric analysis. Furthermore, we will specifically address the substantial rise in the migrant population and the impacts of the pandemic and its subsequent recovery phase. We aim to inform policymakers regarding the role of the entrepreneur in an emerging economy as a strategy to deal with unemployment, underemployment, and informality during this period.
Tarko, Vlad. Elinor Ostrom: una biografía intelectual
(2024) Fabrega, Jorge
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Determinantes sociales del consumo combinado de alcohol y medicamentos sin prescripción médica en personas mayores: Un estudio poblacional en Chile
(2024) Tala, Yamil; Skewes, Camila; Fernández, Miguel Angel
El consumo problemático de alcohol por parte de personas mayores ha sido llamado la “epidemia silenciosa”. Una población envejeciendo y altos niveles de consumo de alcohol incrementan el desafío a futuro para la epidemiología y salud pública. Así mismo el uso indebido de medicamentos recetados es un problema creciente de salud pública, asociado con mayores hospitalizaciones y complicaciones de salud en adultos mayores. Objetivo: Analizar los determinantes sociales asociados al consumo problemático de alcohol y medicamentos sin prescripción en la población de personas mayores en el país. Mate riales y Método: Análisis de fuente secundaria: “Encuesta Poblacional de Consumo de Drogas y Alcohol de Adultos Mayores del SENDA” del año 2021. Se empleo un modelo estadístico multivariado para identificar los factores que incrementan o disminuyen la probabilidad de ocurrencia del fenómeno. Resultados: La prevalencia de consumo combinado de alcohol y medicamentos sin prescripción médica en personas mayores en Chile alcanza un 12,8%. A nivel multivariado, son los hombres, con menor apoyo social y sin cohabitación sentimental quienes poseen mayores probabilidades de combinar el consumo de ambos elementos. Conclusiones: La combinación de alcohol y medicamentos sin prescripción médica es un potencial problema de salud pública, especialmente entre personas mayores. Este estudio representa el primer esfuerzo nacional por comprender este fenómeno, identificando grupos más vulnerables de prevalencia de consumo que deben ser atendidos con especial atención por la política pública de prevención.

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