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- ÍtemChile. History(2022) Erlandsen, MatthiasThe 20th century was an era widely known as an incubator for coups d’e ́tat and authoritarian governments throughout Latin America. These coincided with periods of social turmoil and unstable economies in the region. Chile as well as 12 other Latin American countries experienced military dictatorships between the 1970s and early 2000s.
- ÍtemLa Misión Kemmerer y su influencia en la Constitución de 1925(2022) Soto Velasco, Sebastián; Couyoumdjian, Juan PabloLa misión Kemmerer, que visitó Chile entre julio y octubre de 1925, fue contratada con el objetivo de implementar un plan de reformas monetarias y financieras para lograr la estabilidad monetaria en el país. Como parte de su trabajo ella fue consultada también respecto de algunas normas de la Constitución que se estaba elaborando en ese periodo. La participación de la misión Kemmerer en la discusión respecto de las normas presupuestarias y fiscales de lo que sería la Constitución de 1925 es un asunto que no ha sido suficientemente destacado ni por la historia constitucional ni económica en Chile. De las distintas propuestas de la misión algunas, como el debate sobre la iniciativa presidencial, vinieron a ratificar cuestiones ya acordadas. Otras, como la reducción del plazo de discusión de los presupuestos y la exigencia de aprobar proyectos de ley financiados, fueron ampliamente acogidas. Y hay otras materias donde las propuestas de Kemmerer fueron objetadas. En base a lo anterior concluimos que su influencia en estas materias fue acotada. Pero si bien el rigor en materias presupuestarias que proponía la misión Kemmerer fue considerado excesivo en el país, incluso en una Convención reconocidamente presidencialista, ello inicia una tendencia que sentó las bases de la concentración del poder financiero en el Ejecutivo.
- ÍtemBrain structural parameters correlate with University Selection Test outcomes in Chilean high school graduates(2022) Ivanovic, Daniza; Zamorano, Francisco; Soto-Icaza, Patricia; Rojas, Tatiana; Larraín, Cristián; Silva F., Claudio; Almagià, Atilio; Bustamante, Claudia; Arancibia, Violeta; Villagrán, Francisca; Valenzuela, Rodrigo; Barrera, Cynthia; Billeke, PabloHow well students learn and perform in academic contexts is a focus of interest for the students, their families, and the entire educational system. Although evidence has shown that several neurobiological factors are involved in scholastic achievement (SA), specific brain measures associated with academic outcomes and whether such associations are independent of other factors remain unclear. This study attempts to identify the relationship between brain structural parameters, and the Chilean national University Selection Test (PSU) results in high school graduates within a multidimensional approach that considers socio-economic, intellectual, nutritional, and demographic variables. To this end, the brain morphology of a sample of 102 students who took the PSU test was estimated using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Anthropometric parameters, intellectual ability (IA), and socioeconomic status (SES) were also measured. The results revealed that, independently of sex, IA, gray matter volume, right inferior frontal gyrus thickness, and SES were significantly associated with SA. These findings highlight the role of nutrition, health, and socioeconomic variables in academic success
- ÍtemAndrogen receptor gene and sociosexuality. Does fighting ability moderate the effect of genetics in reproductive strategies?(2022-12) Polo, Pablo; Valenzuela, Nohelia; Muñoz-Reyes, José Antonio; Ruiz-Pérez, Irene; Rodríguez-Sickert, Carlos; Matellano, Margarita; Fernández-Martínez, Ana B.; Pita, MiguelSociosexuality is a reliable proxy to evaluate the trade-off between short-term and long-term human mating strategies. The androgen receptor (AR) gene CAG-repeats polymorphism regulates the effect of testosterone and the expression of testosterone-related traits commonly associated with short-term mating strategies. According to the strategic pluralism hypothesis, a more effective receptor would prompt a short-term mating strategy to maximize the number of sexual partners, but studies are inconclusive and contradictory. The effect of a particular gene in behavior is frequently small and affected by the social environment and other variables, particularly psychological and personality traits. In the current study we propose the effect of the AR gene polymorphism in sociosexuality to be moderated by self-perceived fighting ability, a psychological attribute relevant in intrasexual competition. Our objective is to reveal if the CAG polymorphism is associated with a short-term strategy as expected from the strategic pluralism hypothesis, or conversely with long-term investments to maximize parental care. We fail to find any effect of the CAG polymorphism over mating strategies. However, self-perceived fighting ability is related to short-term mating orientation but not to the number of past sexual partners. In conclusion, we find no clear evidence about the potential role of CAG polymorphism of the AR gene over sociosexual attitudes and behavior. However, results from other studies suggest that there is evidence that genetic factors influence sociosexuality, but it is necessary to consider simultaneously more than a single genetic polymorphism and other psychological and physiological variables.
- ÍtemSchool schedules and mothers’ employment: evidence from an education reform(2022) Berthelon, Matias; Kruger, Diana; Oyarzún, MelanieWomen’s employment plays an important role in household well-being, and among mothers, lack of child care is one of the main reasons for not working and not seeking employment. We investigate the effect of a reform that lengthened school schedules from half to full days in Chile—providing childcare for school aged children—on different maternal employment outcomes. Using a panel of 2814 mothers over a 7-year period, we find evidence of important positive causal effects of access to full-day schools on mother’s labor force participation, employment, weekly hours worked, and months worked during the year. We also find that lower-education and married mothers benefit most from the policy. Findings suggest that alleviating childcare needs can promote women’s attachment to the labor force, increase household incomes and alleviate poverty and inequality