Artículos Gobierno

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A game-theoretic model of reciprocity and trust that incorporates personality traits
(2019) Guzmán, Ricardo; Harrison, Rodrigo; Abarca, Nureya; Villena, Mauricio G.
We propose a game-theoretic model of reciprocity and trust that incorporates personality traits. In the model, positive and negative reciprocity are “reciprocal preferences:” parameters of heterogeneous utility functions that take into account the material welfare of others (positively if they have been kind, negatively if they have been hostile). Trust, on the other hand, is an individual bias that distorts probabilistic beliefs about the trustworthiness of others. Unlike typical game-theoretic models, our model provides an explanation for the heterogeneity of preferences and probabilistic beliefs: a person’s personality traits determine both the parameters of his utility function and the magnitude of his beleif bias. We tested the model experimentally. Subjects completed a psychometric questionnaire that measures three personality traits: positive reciprocity, negative reciprocity, and trust. Subsequently, they played a sequential prisoner’s dilemma with random re-matching and payoffs changing from round to round. From the subjects’ psychometric scores and game behaviors we inferred the relationship between reciprocal preferences, belief biases, and personality. The results confirmed the hypotheses of the model.
A Logit Model With Endogenous Explanatory Variables and Network Externalities
(2015) Grange, Louis de; González, Felipe; Vargas, Ignacio; Troncoso, Rodrigo
A novel logit model is presented that explicitly includes endogeneity in explanatory variables whose values depend on individual choice decisions that involve network externalities or social interactions such as those impacting road congestion or public transport comfort and convenience. The proposed specification corrects for this particular type of endogeneity. The model is derived from a linearly constrained maximum entropy optimization problem that incorporates the network externalities or social interactions causing the endogeneity. It is validated through simulations and an application to a case of transport mode choice in a Chilean city using real data.
A mathematical model of semantic access in lexical and semantic decisions
(2024) Chaigneau, Sergio E.; Marchant, Nicolás; Canessa, Enrique; ALDUNATE, NEREA
In this work, we use a mathematical model of the property listing task dynamics and test its ability to predict processing time in semantic and lexical decision tasks. The study aims at exploring the temporal dynamics of semantic access in these tasks and showing that the mathematical model captures essential aspects of semantic access, beyond the original task for which it was developed. In two studies using the semantic and lexical decision tasks, we used the mathematical model’s coefficients to predict reaction times. Results showed that the model was able to predict processing time in both tasks, accounting for an independent portion of the total variance, relative to variance predicted by traditional psycholinguistic variables (i.e., frequency, familiarity, concreteness imageability). Overall, this study provides evidence of the mathematical model’s validity and generality, and offers insights regarding the characterization of concrete and abstract words.
A maximum entropy optimization model for origin-destination trip matrix estimation with fuzzy entropic parameters
(2021) López-Ospina, Héctor; Cortés, Cristián E.; Pérez, Juan; Peña, Romario; Figueroa-García, Juan Carlos; Urrutia Mosquera, Jorge
We formulate a bi-objective distribution model for urban trips constrained by origins and destinations while maximizing entropy. We develop a flexible and consistent approach in which the estimations of generated/attracted parameters are fuzzy with entropic membership functions. Based on a fuzzy-entropy approach, we measure the uncertainty associated with fuzzy variables. We solve the problem by means of compromise programming considering a weighted sum objective function. We compute and extend concepts such as accessibility, attractiveness, and generalized cost, typically obtained in transport economic analyzes. Considering that our formulation is convex, we solve the problem in one step only, maintaining the uniqueness of the the optimization problem solution. We present two numerical examples to illustrate the proposed methodology, analyzing the impact of the results based on strong mathematical and statistical arguments. Finally, we show that our approach has better prediction capabilities than traditional fuzzy models regarding aggregated indicators and structural distribution patterns.
A microeconomic interpretation for the system optimal traffic assignment problem with nonadditive path cost
(2014) Muñoz, Juan Carlos; Troncoso, Rodrigo; Grange, Louis de
A moral trade-off system produces intuitive judgments that are rational and coherent and strike a balance between conflicting moral values
(2022) Guzmán Price, Ricardo; Barbatoa, María Teresa; Daniel Sznycer, Daniel; Cosmides, Leda
How does the mind make moral judgments when the only way to satisfy one moral value is to neglect another? Moral dilemmas posed a recurrent adaptive problem for ancestral hominins, whose cooperative social life created multiple responsibilities to others. For many dilemmas, striking a balance between two conflicting values (a compromise judgment) would have promoted fitness better than neglecting one value to fully satisfy the other (an extreme judgment). We propose that natural selection favored the evolution of a cognitive system designed for making trade-offs between conflicting moral values. Its nonconscious computations respond to dilemmas by constructing “rightness functions”: temporary representations specific to the situation at hand. A rightness function represents, in compact form, an ordering of all the solutions that the mind can conceive of (whether feasible or not) in terms of moral rightness. An optimizing algorithm selects, among the feasible solutions, one with the highest level of rightness. The moral trade-off system hypothesis makes various novel predictions: People make compromise judgments, judgments respond to incentives, judgments respect the axioms of rational choice, and judgments respond coherently to morally relevant variables (such as willingness, fairness, and reciprocity). We successfully tested these predictions using a new trolley-like dilemma. This dilemma has two original features: It admits both extreme and compromise judgments, and it allows incentives—in this case, the human cost of saving lives—to be varied systematically. No other existing model predicts the experimental results, which contradict an influential dual-process model.
A Multidimensional Approach to Measuring Quality of Employment (QoE) Deprivation in Six Central American Countries
(2021) González, Pablo; Sehnbruch, Kirsten; Apablaza, Mauricio; Méndez Pineda, Rocío; Arriagada, Verónica
This paper proposes a methodology for measuring Quality of Employment (QoE) deprivation from a multidimensional perspective in six Central American countries (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama) using a dataset specifcally designed to measure employment conditions. Building on previous work on multidimensional poverty and employment indicators, the paper uses the Alkire/Foster (AF) method to construct a synthetic indicator of the QoE at an individual level. It selects four dimensions that must be considered as essential to QoE deprivation: income, job stability, job security and employment conditions. These dimensions then subdivide into several indicators, a threshold for each indicator and dimension is established before defning an overall cut-of line that allows for the calculation of composite levels of deprivation. The results generated by this indicator show that Central American countries can be divided into three distinct and robust performance groups in terms of their QoE deprivation. Overall, approximately 60% of the deprivation levels are attributable to non-income variables, such as occupational status and job tenure. The methodology used can allow policymakers to identify and focus on the most vulnerable workers in a labour market and highlights the fact that having a formal written contract is no guarantee of good job quality, particularly in the case of women
A multifactorial approach of nutritional, intellectual, brain development, cardiovascular risk, socio-economic, demographic and educational variables affecting the scholastic achievement in Chilean students: An eight- year follow-up study
(2019) Ivanovic, Daniza M.; Almagià, Atilio F.; Arancibia, Violeta C.; Ibaceta, Camila V.; Arias, Vanessa F.; Rojas, Tatiana; Flores, Ofelia C.; Villagrán, Francisca S.; Tapia, Liliana U.; Acevedo, Javiera A .; Morales, Gladys I.; Martínez, Víctor C.; Larraín, Cristián G.; Silva, Claudio F.A.; Valenzuela, Rodrigo B.; Barrera, Cynthia R.; Billeke, Pablo; Zamorano, Francisco M.; Orellana, Yasna Z.
The aim of this study was to quantitate the relative impact of nutritional, intellectual, brain development, cardiovascular risk, socio-economic, demographic and educational variables on the results of the 2009 Quality Education Measurement System (SIMCE) tests of language and mathematics for scholastic achievement (SA) applying a multifactorial approach, in school-age children of the 2010 5th elementary school grade (5ESG) and of the 1st grade of high school (1HSG). The purposes were: i) to test the hypothesis that intellectual ability, the level of SA of the educational establishments in the 2009 SIMCE tests, sex, parental schooling levels, and head circumference-for-age Z-score are the most relevant parameters associated with 2009 SIMCE outcomes; ii) to determine the predictive ability of the 2009 SIMCE results in determining the 2013 SIMCE outcomes for the 2010 5ESG cohort (when they graduated from elementary school, 8th grade) and for determining the 2013 University Selection Test (PSU) outcomes for the 2010 1HSG group (for university admission, when they graduated from high school, 4th grade); iii) to determine the association between the 2009 SIMCE results with the 2017 PSU outcomes for the 2010 5ESG group (for university admission, when they graduated from high school, 4th grade). A representative, proportional and stratified sample of 33 schools of the Metropolitan Region of Chile was randomly chosen. In these schools, 1,353 school-age children of both sexes, of the 2010 5ESG (n = 682; mean age = 10.8 years, SD = 0.6) and of the 2010 1HSG (n = 671; mean age = 14.8 years, SD = 0.6) participated. In both grades and tests, the findings confirm the hypotheses formulated. 2009 SIMCE outcomes were positively and significantly associated with 2013 SIMCE and with 2017 PSU and, with 2013 PSU outcomes in school-age children from 2010 5ESG and 1HSG, respectively. These findings may be useful for educational and health planning in Chile and countries in a comparable stage of development.
A multimodal interface for speech perception: the role of the left superior temporal sulcus in social cognition and autism
(2024) Kausel, Leonie; Michon, Maëva; Soto-Icaza, Patricia; Aboitiz, Francisco
Multimodal integration is crucial for human interaction, in particular for social communication, which relies on integrating information from various sensory modalities. Recently a third visual pathway specialized in social perception was proposed, which includes the right superior temporal sulcus (STS) playing a key role in processing socially relevant cues and high-level social perception. Importantly, it has also recently been proposed that the left STS contributes to audiovisual integration of speech processing. In this article, we propose that brain areas along the right STS that support multimodal integration for social perception and cognition can be considered homologs to those in the left, language-dominant hemisphere, sustaining multimodal integration of speech and semantic concepts fundamental for social communication. Emphasizing the significance of the left STS in multimodal integration and associated processes such as multimodal attention to socially relevant stimuli, we underscore its potential relevance in comprehending neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by challenges in social communication such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Further research into this left lateral processing stream holds the promise of enhancing our understanding of social communication in both typical development and ASD, which may lead to more effective interventions that could improve the quality of life for individuals with atypical neurodevelopment.
A real-time fMRI neurofeedback system for the clinical alleviation of depression with a subject-independent classification of brain states: A proof of principle study
(2022) Pereira, Jaime A.; Ray, Andreas; Rana, Mohit; Silva, Claudio; Salinas, César; Zamorano, Francisco; Irani, Martín; Opazo, Patricia; Sitaram, Ranganatha; Ruíz, Sergio
Most clinical neurofeedback studies based on functional magnetic resonance imaging use the patient's own neural activity as feedback. The objective of this study was to create a subject-independent brain state classifier as part of a real-time fMRI neurofeedback (rt-fMRI NF) system that can guide patients with depression in achieving a healthy brain state, and then to examine subsequent clinical changes. In a first step, a brain classifier based on a support vector machine (SVM) was trained from the neural information of happy autobiographical imagery and motor imagery blocks received from a healthy female participant during an MRI session. In the second step, 7 right-handed female patients with mild or moderate depressive symptoms were trained to match their own neural activity with the neural activity corresponding to the “happiness emotional brain state” of the healthy participant. The training (4 training sessions over 2 weeks) was carried out using the rt-fMRI NF system guided by the brain-state classifier we had created. Thus, the informative voxels previously obtained in the first step, using SVM classification and Effect Mapping, were used to classify the Blood-Oxygen-Level Dependent (BOLD) activity of the patients and converted into real-time visual feedback during the neurofeedback training runs. Improvements in the classifier accuracy toward the end of the training were observed in all the patients [Session 4–1 Median = 6.563%; Range = 4.10–27.34; Wilcoxon Test (0), 2-tailed p = 0.031]. Clinical improvement also was observed in a blind standardized clinical evaluation [HDRS CE2-1 Median = 7; Range 2 to 15; Wilcoxon Test (0), 2-tailed p = 0.016], and in self-report assessments [BDI-II CE2-1 Median = 8; Range 1–15; Wilcoxon Test (0), 2-tailed p = 0.031]. In addition, the clinical improvement was still present 10 days after the intervention [BDI-II CE3-2_Median = 0; Range −1 to 2; Wilcoxon Test (0), 2-tailed p = 0.50/ HDRS CE3-2 Median = 0; Range −1 to 2; Wilcoxon Test (0), 2-tailed p = 0.625]. Although the number of participants needs to be increased and a control group included to confirm these findings, the results suggest a novel option for neural modulation and clinical alleviation in depression using noninvasive stimulation technologies.
A Research agenda towards “The Beijing effect”: is the chinese market shaping Latin American agriculture? The case of GMOS
(2018) Schmidt Hernández, Fernando
Global political economy is a field of inquiry that tends to focus on the projection of power as a purposive action. However, when we look at international trade, we observe that trade-engaged companies will adapt their production methods to fit the standards, regulations and needs of the market in which they can earn the largest profit. Their behavior tends to be later reinforced with policies and rules in the domestic markets that converge with the rules developed by the foreign power. In this vein, a country that possesses a large and open market can force a convergence of international rules to benefit its own interests without projecting power purposively onto third countries. The goal of the current research is to analyze whether or not China, as a massive market for Latin American agricultural goods (which are even reaching a point of dependence) has had a similar effect on the domestic agricultural regulations and standards of these countries. The territorial focus will be on Chile, Argentina and Brazil, as these are the largest agricultural exporting markets from Latin America towards China. In terms of topics, we will focus on the ongoing issue of GMOs. Can we speak of a “Beijing Effect” in Latin America?
A Road Pricing Model for Congested Highways Based on Link Densities
(2017) Grange, Louis de; Troncoso, Rodrigo; González, Felipe
A road pricing model is presented that determines tolls for congested highways. The main contribution of this paper is to include density explicitly in the pricing scheme and not just flow and time. The methodology solves a nonlinear constrained optimization problem whose objective function maximizes toll revenue or highway use (2 scenarios). The results show that the optimal tolls depend on highway design and the level of congestion. The model parameters are estimated from a Chile's highway data. Significant differences were found between the highway's observed tolls and the optimal toll levels for the two scenarios. The proposed approach could be applied to either planned highway concessions with recovery of capital costs or the extension or retendering of existing concessions.
A subject-independent pattern-based Brain-Computer Interface
(2015) Ray, Andreas M.; Sitaram, Ranganatha; Rana, Mohit; Pasqualotto, Emanuele; Buyukturkoglu, Korhan; Guan, Cuntai; Ang, Kai-Keng; Tejos, Cristián; Zamorano, Francisco; Aboitiz, Francisco; Birbaumer, Niels; Ruiz, Sergio
While earlier Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) studies have mostly focused on modulating specific brain regions or signals, new developments in pattern classification of brain states are enabling real-time decoding and modulation of an entire functional network. The present study proposes a new method for real-time pattern classification and neurofeedback of brain states from electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. It involves the creation of a fused classification model based on the method of Common Spatial Patterns (CSPs) from data of several healthy individuals. The subject-independent model is then used to classify EEG data in real-time and provide feedback to new individuals. In a series of offline experiments involving training and testing of the classifier with individual data from 27 healthy subjects, a mean classification accuracy of 75.30% was achieved, demonstrating that the classification system at hand can reliably decode two types of imagery used in our experiments, i.e., happy emotional imagery and motor imagery. In a subsequent experiment it is shown that the classifier can be used to provide neurofeedback to new subjects, and that these subjects learn to "match" their brain pattern to that of the fused classification model in a few days of neurofeedback training. This finding can have important implications for future studies on neurofeedback and its clinical applications on neuropsychiatric disorders.
A Technocratic Oath
(2022) Álamos, Florencia; Kausel, Leonie; Baselga-Garriga, Clara; Ramos, Paulina; Aboitiz, Francisco; Uribe-Etxebarria, Xabier; Yuste, Rafael
In the last decades, novel neurotechnologies are enabling the collecting and analyzing of neuronal data as well as the targeted alteration of brain activity. While this progress has the potential to help many patients with neurological or mental diseases, it also raises significant ethical and societal consequences, putting the mental privacy, identity and agency of citizens potentially at risk. As one approach to provide ethical guidelines to novel neurotechnologies, we propose a “Technocratic Oath,” as a pledge of simple, fundamental ethical core principles to be adopted by Neurotechnology developers and the industry. Our proposed Technocratic Oath is anchored on seven ethical principles: beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, justice, dignity, privacy and transparency. The Technocratic Oath is modelled after the Hippocratic Oath, a pledge taken by all physicians as they enter the medical profession. While legally non-binding, the professional weight of the Hippocratic Oath has historically led to responsible practices in the world of medicine. Similarly, the Technocratic Oath could help establish and propagate a core of ethical principles to ensure responsible innovation and to protect the fundamental human rights of patients and consumers
A Theory of Just Market Exchange
(2020) Guzmán, Ricardo; Munger, Michael C.
The idea that unconscionable bargaining power can be an instrument of coercion can be traced back at least to Locke (2003) and Hume (1888). Hume proposed the following example: “A man, dangerously wounded, who promises a competent sum to a surgeon to cure him, wou’d certainly be bound to performance; tho’ the case be not so much different from that of one, who promises a sum to a robber.” Hume (1888; p. 125). In recent decades, this idea has attracted renewed interest among moral philosophers, most notably Frankfurt (1973; p. 71); Lyons (1975; 425–436); O’Neill (1985, 252–277); McGregor (1988, 23–50); Olsaretti (1998; 2004, 119–154), Snyder (2008, 389–405), Zwolinski (2009), and Munger (2011). More recently, Vrousalis (2013) connects exploitation with domination, seeking to define exploitation as the self-enriching instrumentalization of another’s vulnerability. Finally, the rejection of substantial inequality in bargaining strength is a condition of the exchange situation, not a condition of the wealth positions of the participants in a broader sense. The issues discussed in regard to the diminishing marginal utility of wealth and the arguments for redistribution are summarized in Schmidtz (2000). We are considering only the narrow situation of the exchange itself.
Acción colectiva y movimientos de oposición ciudadana como contralores de decisiones gubernamentales: Una mirada desde la sociología analítica
(01/11/2013) Báez Urbina, Francisco Alberto
Aggregate estimation of the price elasticity of demand for public transport in integrated fare systems: The case of Transantiago
(2013) González, Felipe; Muñoz, Juan Carlos; Troncoso, Rodrigo; Grange, Louis de
Price elasticities of demand for public transport are a key determinant in evaluating the impact of changes in fares on user flows, yet in many integrated fare transit systems, estimating these indicators is often hampered by two realities: the fare changes for different modes are implemented simultaneously and their magnitudes are highly correlated. This strong collinearity is particularly problematic in linear or log-linear models, commonly used for elasticity estimation, and in a case study of Santiago, Chile, robust results with such specifications proved elusive. This paper presents a method based on discrete choice models to estimate the elasticities in an integrated fare system that overcomes these econometric problems, generating results that are both robust and consistent with those reported in the literature. The proposed models are also easy to update and evaluate.
Alcohol's Harm to Others' Well-Being and Health: a Comparison Between Chile and Australia
(2015) Dussaillant, Francisca; Fernández, Miguel Angel
Aims: To assess the degree to which relationships with heavy drinkers affect health and wellbeing of the Chilean population, and how this compares with previously published analyses of an Australian sample in order to establish intercultural differences in the effects of others' heavy drinking. Method: Data are from a face-to-face survey of 1500 Chileans. Respondents were asked to identify people in their lives who were heavy drinkers. Information on respondents' well-being and health was collected using the Personal Well-Being Index and the EuroQol Group 5- Dimension Self-Report Questionnaire score (EQ-5D) index. Sociodemographic information was also gathered. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine whether heavy drinkers in the respondents' lives (both living in or out of their household) were related to health and well-being. Results were contrasted with those for Australia reported by Livingston et al. [in (2010) Impact of heavy drinkers on others’ health and well-being. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 71, 778–785]. Results: Heavy drinkers inside the household negatively affect the health and well-being of Chileans. Heavy drinkers outside the household have a negative but smaller effect on their health and well-being. This contrasts with Australia where most of the harm seems to arise from heavy drinkers identified outside the household. Conclusions: In both countries, health and well-being are affected by others' heavy drinking. The particular structure of harm may vary across cultures: in Chile, heavy drinkers identified inside the household are the most harmful, whereas in Australia those identified outside the household are the most harmful. This should have an impact on the policy design.
Alcohol’s impact on children and families. A population survey
(2016) Florenzano, Ramón; Echeverría, Angela; Sieverson, Catalina; Barr, Michelle; Fernández, Miguel
Introduction: Alcohol is widely used among young families, and leisure time is frequently family time. Heavy alcohol consumption can adversely affect children. The objective of this work is to measure the harm to others in Chile. Subjects and method: This descriptive and probabilistic study forms part of a collaborative research funded by Thai Health and WHO. The survey was adapted by co-researchers and applied to a nationally representative sample of 1500 Chileans over 18 years of age. Results: A total of 408 respondents (27.2%) lived with children at home. Of this total, 10.5% felt that the use of alcohol by any member of the family had adversely affected a child. The most common adverse effects were verbal violence (29.7%), domestic violence (23.1%), unsupervised homes (18.7%), lack of money to provide basic needs of the child (14.3%), and physical violence (7.7%). Furthermore, in 6.6% of the cases child or family services agencies became involved. In almost half of the cases (46.3%), the drinker was the father, mother or step-parents. This was followed by other relatives (24.4%) and brothers (4.9%), or guardian of the child (2.4%). Conclusion: These data support the clinical observation that alcohol is common in Chilean homes. Its consumption not only damages the physical and mental health of the drinker but also those around him. Verbal violence and witnessing serious physical violence are frequent issues, as well as economic problems that end up with the inability to provide the child with its basic needs. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Espana, S. L. U. on behalf of Sociedad Chilena de Pediatria.
An empirical evaluation of the impact of three urban transportation policies on transit use
(01/07/2012) Grange, Louis de; Troncoso, Rodrigo; González, Felipe
The impact on transportation mode choice of policies implementing metro network expansion, fare subsidies and automobile use and ownership regulation was evaluated econometrically using data for 41 world cities. Controlling socioeconomic and demographic variables, it was found that an increase in metro network extension of 10% generates an average decrease in automobile use of 2%. The results also showed that regulation of automobile use or ownership leads to a significant rise in public transit use. By contrast, no evidence was discovered suggesting that transit fare subsidies produce significant increases in transit ridership. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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