Artículos Gobierno

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World cultural heritage, territory and construction of citizenship. The social construction and appropriation of the world cultural heritage of Valparaíso city
(01/01/2012) Guerrero Valdebenito, Rosa María
The historic neighborhood to Valparaiso city was declared heritage of humanity in July 2nd 2003. Since then the city has achieved unusual social interest, so much so that this title seems to define a before and after in the status of the city and how the residents perceive and live it. This article describes the social construction and appropriation of the world heritage of this city, and the principal social effect about it. The article emphasizes the awakening of heritage organizations, which had put the heritage as a frame to express social rights and requirements, changing the organization outlook of Valparaiso society as a consequence.
Euvoluntariness and just market exchange: moral dilemmas from Locke’s Venditio
(01/01/2014) Guzmán, Ricardo Andrés; Munger, Michael C.
It is a maxim of Public Choice that voluntary exchanges should not be interfered with by the state. But what makes a voluntary market exchange truly voluntary? We suggest, contra much of the economics literature, that voluntary exchange requires consent uncoerced by threats of harm, but that this is not sufficient. In particular, a person pressured to exchange by the dire consequences of failing to exchange—e.g., dying of thirst or hunger—is still coerced, and coerced exchange cannot be voluntary. The weaker party’s desperation gives the other party unconscionable bargaining power. We argue for a distinction, based on a neologism: in the case of coercion by circumstance but not by threat, exchange is still voluntary in the conventional sense, but it is not euvoluntary (i.e., truly voluntary). We will argue that all euvoluntary exchanges are just, while non-euvoluntary exchanges may or may not be unjust; that in competitive markets all exchanges are just, even those that are not euvoluntary, while in bilateral monopolies some exchanges are neither euvoluntary nor just. We will propose a mental device, the “fictitious negotiation”, to determine the just price in non-euvoluntary market exchanges. A primitive version of these ideas can be found in a little known monograph by John Locke, which we will analyze in detail
Importing Modernity: the Evolution of Economic Thinking in Chile During the Nineteenth Century
(01/01/2015) Couyoumdjian, Juan Pablo
Studying the evolution of economic thought within a country allows us to trace the history of ideas in a given country and analyze the transfer of ideas across nations. This process is also important in terms of the development of national public policies. In this paper we study the evolution of economic ideas in Chile from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century through an examination of the teaching of political economy in the country. Specifically, we study textbooks in political economy published in Chile during this period, considering their structure and citations. Our analysis complements historical studies that suggest a decline of economic liberalism associated to the (French version of) classical political economy in Chile towards the end of the 19th century.
Oxytocin and Vasopressin Receptor Gene Polymorphisms: Role in Social and Psychiatric Traits
(01/01/2016) Aspe-Sánchez, Mauricio; Moreno, Macarena; Rivera, María Ignacia; Rossi, Alejandra; Ewer, John
Oxytocin (OXT) and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) are two phylogenetically conserved neuropeptides that have been implicated in a wide range of social behaviors. Although a large body of research, ranging from rodents to humans, has reported on the effects of OXT and AVP administration on affiliative and trust behaviors, and has highlighted the genetic contributions of OXT and AVP receptor polymorphisms to both social behaviors and to diseases related to social deficits, the consequences of peptide administration on psychiatric symptoms, and the impact of receptor polymorphisms on receptor function, are still unclear. Despite the exciting advances that these reports have brought to social neuroscience, they remain preliminary and suffer from the problems that are inherent to monogenetic linkage and association studies. As an alternative, some studies are using polygenic approaches, and consider the contributions of other genes and pathways, including those involving DA, 5-HT, and reelin, in addition to OXT and AVP; a handful of report are also using genome-wide association studies. This review summarizes findings on the associations between OXT and AVP receptor polymorphism, social behavior, and psychiatric diseases. In addition, we discuss reports on the interactions of OXT and AVP receptor genes and genes involved in other pathways (such as those of dopamine, serotonin, and reelin), as well as research that has shed some light on the impact of gene polymorphisms on the volume, connectivity, and activation of specific neural structures, differential receptor expression, and plasma levels of the OXT and AVP peptides. We hope that this effort will be helpful for understanding the studies performed so far, and for encouraging the inclusion of other candidate genes not explored to date.
The More I Get to Know You, the More I Distrust You? Non-linear Relationship between Social Skills and Social Behavior
(01/03/2016) Billeke, Pablo
Usage of Child Care and Education Centers: The Proximity Factor
(01/04/2016) Dussaillant, Francisca
The Chilean Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey was used to model the choices made by households with respect to day care or preschool (DC/PS) attendance. We also use georeferenced data on the location of centers that could take care of children. We present a detailed analysis of the correlates of DC/PS attendance choices, giving special attention to the distance between the household and the center as predictors. For these purposes, the joint decision of child attendance to DC/PS and mother's employment is modeled. The measurement of this association is relatively new to the literature because it requires georeferenced data, which only recently have begun to be collected systematically by public policy agencies. The association we find between distance and attendance to DC/PS centers is significant but smaller than the association to the age of the child. Separate analyses for 0- to 14-month-olds and 25- to 54-month-olds show some heterogeneous effects on the joint decision of attendance and education.
The intergenerational transmission of maternal human capital and the gender gap in educational attainment
(01/06/2011) Dussaillant, Francisca
An intergenerational effect of maternal (and not paternal) human capital on offspring’s human capital production is a mechanism that induces males and females to attain different education levels. This mechanism allows for explanations of the reversal in the gender education gap. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
An empirical evaluation of the impact of three urban transportation policies on transit use
(01/07/2012) Grange, Louis de; Troncoso, Rodrigo; González, Felipe
The impact on transportation mode choice of policies implementing metro network expansion, fare subsidies and automobile use and ownership regulation was evaluated econometrically using data for 41 world cities. Controlling socioeconomic and demographic variables, it was found that an increase in metro network extension of 10% generates an average decrease in automobile use of 2%. The results also showed that regulation of automobile use or ownership leads to a significant rise in public transit use. By contrast, no evidence was discovered suggesting that transit fare subsidies produce significant increases in transit ridership. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Diversity emerging: from competitive exclusion to neutral coexistence in ecosystems
(01/08/2012) Keymer, Juan E.; Fuentes, Miguel Angel; Marquet, Pablo A.
In this communication, we present a unifying framework to understand the emergence and maintenance of diversity in ecological systems. We do this by developing a deterministic population model including density-dependent limitation in resources and available space. Our model shows that competitive exclusion and neutral coexistence represent different regimes of the same adaptive dynamics suggesting that neutrality is the general result of an adaptive process in a finite habitat with limited energetic resources. Our model explains the emergence of biodiversity through mutation and its maintenance through neutrality. We show that this framework provides the theoretical foundations to understand the emergence and maintenance of diversity in microbial ecosystems.
Cultivating Votes in Rural Chile
(01/08/2012) Couyoumdjian, Juan Pablo; Londregan, John Benedict
In Chile's two-member legislative districts we show there are two groups of swing voters, one group for the first seat won by the governing coalition, another for the second. We build a model that allows us to identify the relative prevalence of these voters across communities. Using data on the allocation of discretionary agricultural loans, we find that communities with relatively many voters pivotal for the first seat receive more loans than they otherwise would have, but we find no systematic advantage for districts that are pivotal for the second seat.
Social structure in a family group of Guanaco (Lama guanicoe, Ungulate): Is female hierarchy based on ‘prior attributes’ or ‘social dynamics’?
(01/09/2013) Correa, Loreto A.; Zapata, Beatriz; Samaniego, Horacio; Soto-Gamboa, Mauricio
Social life involves costs and benefits mostly associated with how individuals interact with each other. The formation of hierarchies inside social groups has evolved as a common strategy to avoid high costs stemming from social interactions. Hierarchical relationships seem to be associated with different features such as body size, body condition and/or age, which determine dominance ability (‘prior attributes’ hypothesis). In contrast, the ‘social dynamic’ hypothesis suggests that an initial social context is a determinant in the formation of the hierarchy, more so than specific individual attributes. Hierarchical Rank places individuals in higher positions, which presumably increases resource accessibility to their benefit, including opportunities for reproduction. We evaluate the maintenance of hierarchy in a family group of guanacos (Lama guanicoe) and evaluate the possible mechanisms involved in the stability of these interactions and their consequences. We estimate the linearity of social hierarchy and their dynamics. We find evidence of the formation of a highly linear hierarchy among females with males positioned at the bottom of the hierarchy. This hierarchy is not affected by physical characteristics or age, suggesting that it is established only through intra-group interactions. Rank is not related with calves’ weight gain either; however, subordinated females, with lower rank, exhibit higher rates of allosuckling. We found no evidence of hierarchical structure in calves suggesting that hierarchical relationship in guanacos could be established during the formation of the family group. Hence, our results suggest that hierarchical dynamics could be related more to social dynamics than to prior attributes. We finally discuss the importance of hierarchies established by dominance and their role in minimizing social costs of interactions.
The Underlying Social Dynamics of Paradigm Shifts
(01/09/2015) Rodríguez-Sickert, Carlos; Cosmelli, Diego
Your perspective and my benefit: multiple lesion models of self-other integration strategies during social bargaining
(01/09/2016) Melloni, Margherita; Billeke, Pablo; Baez, Sandra; Hesse, Eugenia; De la Fuente, Laura; Forno, Gonzalo; Birba, Agustina; García-Cordero, Indira; Serrano, Cecilia; Plastino, Angelo; Slachevsky, Andrea; Huepe, David; Sigman, Mariano; Manes, Facundo; García, Adolfo; Sedeño, Lucas; Ibáñez, Agustín
Recursive social decision-making requires the use of flexible, context-sensitive long-term strategies for negotiation. To succeed in social bargaining, participants' own perspectives must be dynamically integrated with those of interactors to maximize self-benefits and adapt to the other's preferences, respectively. This is a prerequisite to develop a successful long-term self-other integration strategy. While such form of strategic interaction is critical to social decision-making, little is known about its neurocognitive correlates. To bridge this gap, we analysed social bargaining behaviour in relation to its structural neural correlates, ongoing brain dynamics (oscillations and related source space), and functional connectivity signatures in healthy subjects and patients offering contrastive lesion models of neurodegeneration and focal stroke: behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and frontal lesions. All groups showed preserved basic bargaining indexes. However, impaired self-other integration strategy was found in patients with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and frontal lesions, suggesting that social bargaining critically depends on the integrity of prefrontal regions. Also, associations between behavioural performance and data from voxel-based morphometry and voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping revealed a critical role of prefrontal regions in value integration and strategic decisions for self-other integration strategy. Furthermore, as shown by measures of brain dynamics and related sources during the task, the self-other integration strategy was predicted by brain anticipatory activity (alpha/beta oscillations with sources in frontotemporal regions) associated with expectations about others' decisions. This pattern was reduced in all clinical groups, with greater impairments in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and frontal lesions than Alzheimer's disease. Finally, connectivity analysis from functional magnetic resonance imaging evidenced a fronto-temporo-parietal network involved in successful self-other integration strategy, with selective compromise of long-distance connections in frontal disorders. In sum, this work provides unprecedented evidence of convergent behavioural and neurocognitive signatures of strategic social bargaining in different lesion models. Our findings offer new insights into the critical roles of prefrontal hubs and associated temporo-parietal networks for strategic social negotiation
Brain state-dependent recruitment of high-frequency oscillations in the human hippocampus
(01/09/2017) Billeke, Pablo; Ossandón, Tomás; Stockle, Marcelo; Perrone-Bertolotti, Marcela; Kahane, Philippe; Lachaux, Jean-Philippe; Fuentealba, Pablo
Ripples are high-frequency bouts of coordinated hippocampal activity believed to be crucial for information transfer and memory formation. We used intracortical macro electrodes to record neural activity in the human hippocampus of awake subjects undergoing surgical treatment for refractory epilepsy and distinguished two populations of ripple episodes based on their frequency spectrum. The phase-coupling of one population, slow ripples (90-110 Hz), to cortical delta oscillations was differentially modulated by cognitive task; whereas the second population, fast ripples (130-170 Hz), was not seemingly correlated to local neural activity. Furthermore, as cognitive tasks changed, the ongoing coordination of neural activity associated to slow ripples progressively augmented along the parahippocampal axis. Thus, during resting states, slow ripples were coordinated in restricted hippocampal territories; whereas during active states, such as attentionally-demanding tasks, high frequency activity emerged across the hippocampus and parehippocampal cortex, that was synchronized with slow ripples, consistent with ripples supporting information transfer and coupling anatomically distant regions. Hence, our results provide further evidence of neural diversity in hippocampal high-frequency oscillations and their association to cognitive processing in humans. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Beneficial effects of human altruism
(01/11/2011) Lozada, Mariana; D'Adamo, Paola; Fuentes, Miguel Angel
In this work we review converging evidence from several lines of research which suggests that altruism in humans can be intrinsically rewarding. Various investigations illustrate how human altruism can have beneficial effects on health and wellbeing. In this contribution we propose a model that includes positive effects of altruism. These beneficial effects lead to significant changes in the dynamics of the system, favouring higher levels of altruism and facilitating abrupt changes towards cooperation. In the present model, social modulation occurs at both individual and collective levels. The potential beneficial role of altruism proposed here may account for its occurrence among non-kin and beyond reciprocity.
Impacts of vehicle restrictions on urban transport flows: The case of Santiago, Chile
(01/11/2011) Grange, Louis de; Troncoso, Rodrigo
Regression models are employed to quantify the effects of vehicle restrictions on private and public transport passenger flows in Santiago, Chile using trip flow data for cars, buses and the city's Metro rail system. Estimates are derived for the effects of two restrictions: a permanent measure applied from April through August 2008 to vehicles without catalytic converters and additional measures that banned the use of vehicles with catalytic converters between 7:30 am and 9 pm on days declared as environmental "pre-emergencies" due to high air pollution levels. The estimates show that the permanent restriction had no impact on the use of private cars while the additional restriction curtailed their use by 5.5%. Also, on pre-emergency days the flow of passengers to the Metro increased by about 3% while the bus network showed no statistically significant increase. The pre-emergency restrictions thus had an effect on the ridership of the Metro but not on the bus network as alternatives to the use of private cars. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Neolithic Revolution from a Price-theoretic perspective
(Journal of Development Economics, 2011, vol. 96, n° 2, p. 209-219, 01/11/2011) Guzmán, Ricardo Andrés; Weisdorf, Jacob
The adoption of agriculture during the Neolithic period triggered the first demographic explosion in history. When fertility returned to its original level, agriculturalists were more numerous, more poorly nourished, and worked longer hours than their hunter-gatherer ancestors. We develop a dynamic price-theoretic model that rationalizes these events. In the short run, people are lured into agriculture by the increased labor productivity of both adults and children. In the long run, the growth in population overrides the productivity gains, and the later generations of agriculturalists end up being worse-off than the hunter-gatherers. Counter-intuitively, the increase in the labor productivity of children causes the long-run reduction in welfare. In the long run, the increase in adult labor productivity only contributes to population growth. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Acción colectiva y movimientos de oposición ciudadana como contralores de decisiones gubernamentales: Una mirada desde la sociología analítica
(01/11/2013) Báez Urbina, Francisco Alberto
Neural progenitors, patterning and ecology in neocortical origins
(01/11/2013) Aboitiz, Francisco; Zamorano, Francisco
The anatomical organization of the mammalian neocortex stands out among vertebrates for its laminar and columnar arrangement, featuring vertically oriented, excitatory pyramidal neurons. The evolutionary origin of this structure is discussed here in relation to the brain organization of other amniotes, i.e., the sauropsids (reptiles and birds). Specifically, we address the developmental modifications that had to take place to generate the neocortex, and to what extent these modifications were shared by other amniote lineages or can be considered unique to mammals. In this article, we propose a hypothesis that combines the control of proliferation in neural progenitor pools with the specification of regional morphogenetic gradients, yielding different anatomical results by virtue of the differential modulation of these processes in each lineage. Thus, there is a highly conserved genetic and developmental battery that becomes modulated in different directions according to specific selective pressures. In the case of early mammals, ecological conditions like nocturnal habits and reproductive strategies are considered to have played a key role in the selection of the particular brain patterning mechanisms that led to the origin of the neocortex
Effects of environmental alerts and pre-emergencies on pollutant concentrations in Santiago,Chile
(01/12/2012) Troncoso, Rodrigo; Grange, Louis de; Cifuentes, Luis A.
To reduce air pollution levels in Santiago, Chile on days when the weather is expected to create poor ventilation conditions and increased air pollutant concentrations, the responsible authorities impose temporary restrictions on motor vehicles and certain industrial activities. We estimate the impact of these restrictions on the city's air quality using data collected by a network of monitoring stations. The estimates show that the restrictions do reduce the average concentrations of coarse and fine particulate matter, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide (both gases are emitted mainly by vehicles). However, no significant changes were found in the sulfur dioxide concentrations, which are primarily the result of industrial processes. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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