Artículos Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud
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- ÍtemHABIT: Heparin and Aspirin on Birth in Inherited Thrombophilia, an International Multicenter Phase IIb Randomized Triple Blinded Clinical Trial(2023) Carvalho, Alessandra; Awad, Camila; Gallucci, Alessia; Flores, Ana; La Riva, Anibal; Díaz, Daniel; Da Silva, Deivid; Saraceno, Taylor; Rivera, Oswaldo; Fricke, Stephan; Garcia, Regina; Zhou, Steven; Bazan, María; Castellaro, María; Alencar, Luiza; Blanco, Pedro; Teixeira, Eliluane; Gonçalves, Roberta; Etchebehere, Priscila; Gonzalez, Jessica; Abdallah, Tasneem; Hamad, Malaz; Ahmed, Shiema; Méndez, Paola; Faisal, Saif; Robladillo, Devy; Gutiérrez, Judith; Guidetti, Matteo; Abu, NebalIntroduction: In pregnant women with inherited thrombophilia (IT) and recurrent pregnancy loss, there is no higher-level evidence proving the beneficial effects of anticoagulation or platelet inhibition in preventing miscarriages. We hypothesize that anticoagulation with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and/or platelet aggregation inhibition with aspirin will increase the proportion of live birth in this population. Methods: In this phase IIb, factorial, randomized, triple blinded, placebo-controlled (double dummy) clinical trial, pregnant women aged 18 to 40 with a history of IT and 2 or more previous miscarriages, will be randomized and stratified by age and number of miscarriages in a 2x2 factorial design will be allocated equally to one of the four arms. The primary outcome of live birth will be analyzed through logistic regression analysis, controlling for strata, and results will be reported as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Similarly, the secondary outcomes will include pregnancy loss, maternal mortality, major bleeding events, medication-associated adverse events, placental abruption, preterm birth, and gestational age at delivery. We will perform subgroup analysis for smoking status, weight, age, number of miscarriages, and type of thrombophilia. Discussion: There is lack of evidence for the use of anticoagulants to prevent pregnancy loss in women with inherited thrombophilia, despite the common diverging prescribing practice predominantly extrapolated from observations in acquired thrombophilia. We aim to provide an evidence base to create a standard of care in cases of recurrent pregnancy loss in women with IT.
- ÍtemInstrumentos para medir la capacidad funcional intrínseca y la fragilidad de personas mayores en la Atención Primaria en Chile(2022) Cornejo, Marco; Delgado, Iris; Molina, Xaviera; Masferrer, DominiqueBackground: The evaluation of functional capacity and the presence of frailty is an essential prognostic indicator in older people. Aim: To explore the instruments used to characterize the intrinsic functional capacity (CFI) and frailty in elderly people cared at Primary Health Care Centers (PHC) in Chile. Material and Methods: A narrative review of national and international scientific literature was carried out, including observational studies published in Pubmed (since 2015) and Scielo (since 2010) about tools to assess CFI or frailty. Studies in English or Spanish carried out in Chilean beneficiaries of PHC aged 60 years and over, were included. Results: After the first search, 110 articles were selected in Pubmed and 86 in Scielo. According to the relevance of the title and abstract, 36 articles were preliminarily screened, of which 25 were selected for full reading, 12 of which were finally included in this review. In Chile, the main instrument used to assess CFI is the Functional Examination of the Elderly (EFAM). There are few national studies to assess frailty and the instruments used are mainly based on the Fried criteria and the FTI (Frailty Tilburg Indicator). The reviewed studies suggest improving the coverage and reconsidering the predictive capacity of the measurements used for the assessment of CFI and frailty in older people, suggesting the incorporation of handgrip strength as a predictor of frailty. Conclusions: The main instruments to assess CFI and frailty in older people cared in PHC in Chile are the EFAM, and the Fried and FTI criteria, respectively.
- ÍtemInfluence of Sociodemographic, Health-Related, and Behavioral Factors on Food Guidelines Compliance in Older Adults: A Hierarchical Approach from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016–17 Data(2022) De Albuquerque, Leticia; Quintiliano, Daiana; Masferrer, DominiqueDietary habits are determinants in the development of a range of conditions and age-related diseases. We explored the associations of sociodemographic, health-related indicators, and health behavioral factors on dietary guideline compliance in elderly Chileans. We used a cross-sectional design using the publicly available database from the last Chilean National Health Survey (2016–17). The sample of 1831 older adults (≥60 y) from a national representative sample. The dependent variable was compliance with Food Guidelines (FG) (daily consumption of water, dairy, and fruits and vegetables; and weekly consumption of legumes and fish). The independent variables included sociodemographic, health-related, and behavioral factors. Over half (51.8%) of the sample was female and 85.7% belonged to the 60–79 age group. Satisfactory compliance to FG was observed in 3.9% of the sample. In the adjusted analysis, for those between 60 and 79 y, marital status was the only significant variable associated with FG noncompliance (PR: 1.34; 95%CI: 1.04–1.71). For those over 80 y, income of >2 minimum wages (PR: 0.10; 95%CI: 0.02–0.61), living alone (PR: 1.72; 95%CI: 1.20–2.47), and self-reported cardiovascular disease (PR: 0.63; 95%CI: 0.43–0.93) were associated with FG noncompliance. We observed low FG compliance among elderly Chilean adults, especially in the oldest group. Factors associated with the FG compliance was different between age groups.
- ÍtemUninterrupted Actigraphy Recording to Quantify Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors in Mechanically Ventilated Adults: A Feasibility Prospective Observational Study(2022) González, Felipe; Camus, Agustín; Leiva, Macarena; Mayer, Kirby; Leppe, JaimePurpose: We evaluated the feasibility of quantification of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors (SB) using actigraphy during an entire intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay. Methods: A prospective study was performed in a 12-bed ICU. Triaxial accelerometers were fitted on the right ankle of mechanically ventilated adults. Twenty accelerometers were available to guarantee uninterrupted actigraphy recording 24 hours/day. Data were analyzed: (1) between awakening and ICU discharge to quantify daytime PA/SB and (2) between admission and ICU discharge to quantify day/nighttime inactivity. Secondarily, we assessed the relationship between inactivity/SB and clinical variables. Results: Thirty patients were enrolled, obtaining 5477 recording hours. No patient reported discomfort or injury. The median (min-max) delay time between admission and accelerometer installation was 2.1 (0.0-11.9) hours. Actigraphy recording duration was 5.4 (2.2-34.4) days. The time spent in SB and PA (percentage of minutes per hour) was 94.7% and 5.3%, respectively. PA was stratified by light, moderate, and vigorous levels equating to 91.8%, 7.7%, and 0.5%, respectively. Inactivity time (r = 0.991, P ≤ .001) and SB (r = 0.859, P ≤ .001) were strongly correlated with ICU length of stay. Conclusions: Quantifying PA levels with continuous monitoring through actigraphy is feasible, demonstrating prolonged periods of inactivity/SB. This study highlights that uninterrupted actigraphy could contribute to pursuing the optimal dose and the intervention fidelity of the ICU mobilization in the subsequent clinical trials
- ÍtemRespiratory drive, inspiratory effort, and work of breathing: review of definitions and non-invasive monitoring tools for intensive care ventilators during pandemic times(2022) Ríos, Francisco; González, Felipe; Molina, JorgeTechnological advances in mechanical ventilation have been essential to increasing the survival rate in intensive care units. Usually, patients needing mechanical ventilation use controlled ventilation to override the patients respiratory muscles and favor lung protection. Weaning from mechanical ventilation implies a transition towards spontaneous breathing, mainly using assisted mechanical ventilation. In this transition, the challenge for clinicians is to avoid under and over assistance and minimize excessive respiratory effort and iatrogenic diaphragmatic and lung damage. Esophageal balloon monitoring allows objective measurements of respiratory muscle activity in real time, but there are still limitations to its routine application in intensive care unit patients using mechanical ventilation. Like the esophageal balloon, respiratory muscle electromyography and diaphragmatic ultrasound are minimally invasive tools requiring specific training that monitor respiratory muscle activity. Particularly during the coronavirus disease pandemic, non invasive tools available on mechanical ventilators to monitor respiratory drive, inspiratory effort, and work of breathing have been extended to individualize mechanical ventilation based on patients needs. This review aims to identify the conceptual definitions of respiratory drive, inspiratory effort, and work of breathing and to identify non invasive maneuvers available on intensive care ventilators to measure these parameters. The literature highlights that although respiratory drive, inspiratory effort, and work of breathing are intuitive concepts, even distinguished authors disagree on their definitions.