DSpace Repository :: Browsing by Author "Candia Vallejos, Cristian"

Browsing by Author "Candia Vallejos, Cristian"

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Análisis comparativo de manipulación de resultados en agregación de preferencias de políticas públicas: Estudio a partir de datos de Chile, Brasil y Francia
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Ingeniería, 2023) Quijada Espinoza, Catalina; Candia Vallejos, Cristian
El surgimiento de la democracia digital trae consigo oportunidades para fortalecer la participación ciudadana, aunque tampoco está exento de riesgos. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las características que influyen en la manipulación de rankings de agregación de preferencias, en un contexto de democracia digital. Para esto, se utilizaron datos de Chile, Brasil y Francia, obtenidos a partir de plataformas web de participación ciudadana, donde se solicitaba a los votantes elegir entre pares de propuestas de políticas públicas. El principal resultado indica que las personas que se identifican con la izquierda son más propensas a la manipulación de los rankings. Estos hallazgos permiten conocer ciertas limitaciones de los procesos de democracia digital, enfatizando la importancia de tomar precauciones para evitar que la democracia se vea debilitada.
Cómo se pueden potenciar entre sí las atracciones turísticas de Chiloé
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Ingeniería, 2024) González Lillo, Ariel; Pastén Carrasco, David; Candia Vallejos, Cristian
Este estudio analizó el flujo turístico entre las atracciones de Chiloé a distintas distancias (50 km, 25 km, 10 km, 5 km y 1 km) para evaluar dos hipótesis clave: si la proximidad geográfica tiene un impacto en el flujo de visitantes y si las atracciones más centrales (hubs) tienden a tener mejores valoraciones y más reseñas. A lo largo de los distintos rangos de distancia, los resultados revelaron que la proximidad geográfica no muestra una relación significativa con el flujo de visitantes. Las correlaciones entre distancia y flujo fueron consistentemente bajas o cercanas a cero, lo que sugiere que la proximidad física no es un factor determinante en el flujo turístico. En cuanto a la centralidad, las atracciones más centrales tienden a acumular más reseñas, lo que confirma su papel como hubs en la red turística. Sin embargo, la relación entre centralidad y valoración promedio fue negativa en varias distancias, lo que indica que, aunque estas atracciones son populares y frecuentadas, no necesariamente son las mejor valoradas, posiblemente debido a la masificación o a expectativas no cumplidas. A medida que se redujo la distancia, la centralidad mostró una relación más fuerte con las reseñas, aunque la valoración promedio siguió siendo más baja en las atracciones centrales. Las limitaciones del estudio incluyen la falta de información temporal y sociodemográfica de los turistas, así como posibles sesgos en los datos de reseñas, que podrían no reflejar de manera equitativa a todas las atracciones. Además, las correlaciones lineales utilizadas no capturan posibles relaciones no lineales o indirectas entre las variables. En el futuro, investigaciones más profundas podrían incluir modelos de análisis más complejos, como simulaciones de redes dinámicas, y considerar factores temporales y demográficos para entender mejor las decisiones de los turistas. En conclusión, los hallazgos sugieren que la proximidad geográfica no explica de manera significativa el flujo turístico, mientras que la centralidad en la red sí influye en la cantidad de reseñas, aunque no necesariamente en la calidad percibida de las atracciones.
Comparación de prevalencias en la portación de Bacterias resistentes a los antibióticos en participantes hospitalizados en el Hospital Padre Hurtado
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Ingeniería, 2023) Paredes Toro, Catalina; Candia Vallejos, Cristian
La irrupción y diseminación de la resistencia antimicrobiana (RAM) se ha convertido en una grave amenaza contra la salud a nivel global. Las infecciones causadas por bacterias resistentes a los antimicrobianos (BRA) se asocian a una mortalidad hasta 5 veces mayor que la causada por bacterias susceptibles a los antibióticos y generan un enorme impacto económico y social. Distintos grupos de interés han diseñado estrategias para enfrentar este problema en distintos escenarios, tales como hospitales, casas de reposo, centros de diálisis, la comunidad y el ambiente. A grandes rasgos, estas estrategias descansan en la implementación de programas de control de infecciones para evitar la transmisión de BRA en centros de salud y la promoción del uso adecuado de antimicrobianos tanto en salud humana, animal y ambiental. Si bien estos esfuerzos han permitido contener parcialmente el problema, la continua aparición de nuevos mecanismos de RAM y su fácil diseminación, hace evidente la necesidad de contar con nuevas herramientas que se vayan integrando a las que ya existen, y que estén basadas en la comprensión de los factores biológicos, epidemiológicos y sociales que subyacen a la RAM. En esta dirección, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) recomienda que los países miembros implementen y fortalezcan sistemas de vigilancia de RAM que permitan ajustar los esfuerzos de control de infecciones y uso adecuado de antimicrobianos a la realidad epidemiológica local. En particular, el programa GLASS (por las siglas en inglés de (Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System”) comprende el desarrollo de sistemas multimodales de vigilancia de infecciones causadas por BRA siguiendo elementos estructurados y estandarizados para poder hacer comparaciones entre países o regiones, o de cada país en el tiempo. Si bien GLASS permite realizar una vigilancia profunda y de gran calidad de la RAM, tiene algunas debilidades que limitan su aplicación. El principal problema que tiene este diseño es que se basa en la detección de infecciones, las cuales representan un evento tardío en la fisiopatología de la RAM en humanos, donde los sistemas de vigilancia basados en la detección de infecciones solo ven “la punta del iceberg” renunciando a la posibilidad de detectar sujetos portadores de bacterias resistentes que con un riesgo variable desarrollarán posteriormente una infección clínicamente relevante.
Diversificación de Rubros en Licitaciones Públicas: Un Enfoque Basado en Cálculo de Density Relatedness y Machine Learning para Maximizar el Éxito de la Diversificación en Rubros Potenciales
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Ingeniería, 2025) Mercandino Sepúlveda, Matías; Chacón Acosta, Ricardo; Candia Vallejos, Cristian
En el contexto de las licitaciones públicas en Chile entre 2014 y 2023, las empresas buscan constantemente oportunidades para diversificar y aumentar su éxito en futuros procesos de licitación. Este estudio tiene como objetivo explorar cómo las empresas podrían utilizar modelos de machine learning para clasificar y evaluar automáticamente oportunidades de diversificación hacia rubros relacionados, basándose en el concepto de density relatedness. A través de un análisis planificado de datos históricos de licitaciones públicas, se desarrollaron metodologías para calcular estas métricas y se aplicó un modelo predictivo que permitirá identificar las mejores oportunidades de expansión. Se espera que los resultados demuestren que una alta density relatedness indica que el rubro potencial (r’) está estrechamente relacionado con los rubros actuales del proveedor, lo que sugiere una mayor probabilidad de éxito en la diversificación hacia ese rubro.
Enhanced social connectivity in hybrid classrooms versus academic centrality in online settings
(2023) Pulgar, Javier; Ramírez, Diego; Candia Vallejos, Cristian
Social learning, the ability to perceive, interpret, and assess the behavior of one’s peers, is crucial for forming meaningful relationships and succeeding in various learning environments. Yet, the rise of online and hybrid settings poses new challenges to socialization. Here, we study the social interactions among 191 high school physics students in Chile, comparing online and hybrid classrooms that were assigned in the COVID-19 pandemic context. We found that students in hybrid settings were more connected and more likely to form casual relationships outside their immediate friend groups, which allowed them to gather new information from diverse sources. Along the same lines, in online classrooms, students who excelled in physics occupied more central positions in social networks. This trend was not evident in hybrid settings, suggesting that when social cues are limited, academic performance gains greater importance in establishing social hierarchies and potentially limiting access to diverse information. Our study highlights the importance of social interactions in educational contexts and raises questions about the impact of relational inaccessibility on virtual learning.
Game theory in the classroom: low cooperative relationships identify bullying patterns in elementary schools
(2024) Landaeta Torres, Víctor; Candia Vallejos, Cristian; Pulgar, Javier; Fábrega, Jorge; Varela, Jorge; Yaikin, Tamara; Monge, Cecilia; Rodriguez-Sickert, Carlos
Cooperation and bullying have a subtle yet important interaction that influences the social dynamics in elementary school classrooms. We investigate this interplay in a large sample of 1112 students across 47 public primary classrooms in Chile. Using a video game interface to create a dyadic, non-anonymous social dilemma, we map the cooperative social network within each classroom. In addition, we collect peer nomination data and use the Illinois Bullying Scale to categorize students as bullies, victims, or bully victims. Our results indicate that low levels of received cooperation significantly increase the likelihood of students being identified with the dual role of both bully and victim, known as the bully-victim profile. This negative relationship remains robust even after controlling for demographic and classroom context variables using multilevel regression models and is consistent when employing causal inference techniques such as statistical matching. We propose that the relationship between received cooperation and the bully-victim profile stems from the capacity of received cooperation to capture key factors influencing social relationships among students, such as popularity, prosociality, GPA, and aggressiveness. Our study contributes to the understanding of human interaction in educational settings and it offers a new framework for targeted interventions in primary education, providing insights for future educational policies and practices.
Linking physical violence to women’s mobility in Chile
(2023) Contreras, Hugo; Candia Vallejos, Cristian; Troncoso, Rodrigo; Ferres, Leo; Bravo, Loreto; Rodriguez-Sickert, Carlos
Despite increased global attention on violence against women, understanding the factors that lead to women becoming victims remains a critical challenge. Notably, the impact of domestic violence on women’s mobility—a critical determinant of their social and economic independence—has remained largely unexplored. This study bridges this gap, employing police records to quantify physical and psychological domestic violence, while leveraging mobile phone data to proxy women’s mobility. Our analyses reveal a negative correlation between physical violence and female mobility, an association that withstands robustness checks, including controls for economic independence variables like education, employment, and occupational segregation, bootstrapping of the data set, and applying a generalized propensity score matching identification strategy. The study emphasizes the potential causal role of physical violence on decreased female mobility, asserting the value of interdisciplinary research in exploring such multifaceted social phenomena to open avenues for preventive measures. The implications of this research extend into the realm of public policy and intervention development, offering new strategies to combat and ultimately eradicate domestic violence against women, thereby contributing to wider efforts toward gender equity.
Patterns of social interaction in the educational experience analized through a computational social sciences perspective
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Gobierno, 2024) Oyarzún Wolf, Melanie; Candia Vallejos, Cristian; Rodríguez-Sickert, Carlos
This research explores how social interactions in educational settings influence academic outcomes, cooperation, and group dynamics in primary school classrooms. By applying methods from Computational Social Sciences and Complex Systems, this work integrates three key approaches: network science to measure social structure and student positioning, the collection of behavioral data through field experiments based on game theory applied in the classroom, and econometric analysis to approximate causal effects. The first study examines how reciprocity in social relationships within the classroom enhances academic performance, showing that students who engage in reciprocal interactions achieve better results. The second study investigates how friendship modulates hierarchical relations in public schools, finding that cooperation dynamics among peers are strongly influenced by social status, but friendships can mitigate these hierarchies. The third study focuses on the social interactions of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) within classrooms that incorporate both students with and without special educational needs, showing that these students tend to occupy peripheral positions in social networks and engage less frequently in reciprocal relationships. The findings of this project provide a deeper understanding of social relationships in educational contexts, with significant implications for managing classroom dynamics and designing educational policies aimed at improving school coexistence and social inclusion.
Quantifying hierarchy and prestige in US ballet academies as social predictors of career success.
(2023) Herrera-Guzmán, Yessica; Gates, Alexander J.; Candia Vallejos, Cristian; Barabási, Albert-László
In the recent decade, we have seen major progress in quantifying the behaviors and the impact of scientists, resulting in a quantitative toolset capable of monitoring and predicting the career patterns of the profession. It is unclear, however, if this toolset applies to other creative domains beyond the sciences. In particular, while performance in the arts has long been difficult to quantify objectively, research suggests that professional networks and prestige of affiliations play a similar role to those observed in science, hence they can reveal patterns underlying successful careers. To test this hypothesis, here we focus on ballet, as it allows us to investigate in a quantitative fashion the interplay of individual performance, institutional prestige, and network effects. We analyze data on competition outcomes from 6363 ballet students affiliated with 1603 schools in the United States, who participated in the Youth America Grand Prix (YAGP) between 2000 and 2021. Through multiple logit models and matching experiments, we provide evidence that schools’ strategic network position bridging between communities captures social prestige and predicts the placement of students into jobs in ballet companies. This work reveals the importance of institutional prestige on career success in ballet and showcases the potential of network science approaches to provide quantitative viewpoints for the professional development of careers beyond science.
Social Complexity of Performing Arts: Quantifying Gender Inequalities and Career Success in Ballet Through Network Science.
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Gobierno, 2023) Herrera Guzmán, Yessica; Candia Vallejos, Cristian; Gates, Alexander; Barabási, Albert-László
This thesis explores the application of complex systems research to understand the dynamics of the art world, considering art as a complex system and investigating its various components through data-driven methodologies. By studying art as a complex system, we contribute to a systematic understanding of human development and behavior in creative domains. The social network plays a crucial role in the cultural evolution of art, shaping our cultural identity and collective memory. Analyzing network characteristics provides insights into how individual decisions influence collective dynamics and sustain social phenomena. Previous studies have used network models and data analysis to examine the role of network position and connectedness in artistic collaborations, individual success, and the transmission of artistic knowledge. In this thesis, we focus on ballet as a unique art form with a rich historical and social structure. Ballet provides an opportunity to investigate the role of the social network in shaping collective dynamics in performing arts. We present two research articles that examine gender inequalities and the role of social connections on the career success of ballet dancers. The first article investigates the social network structure of ballet creations and its potential impact on gender disparities in leading positions. The second article explores the influence of social connections and prestige on the career trajectories of ballet dancers, using network analysis and centrality metrics to uncover hierarchical stratification within ballet academies. Our research highlights the significance of social dynamics and network effects in understanding complex social phenomena in the art world. It offers insights into gender inequalities and career success in ballet and demonstrates the value of data-centric methodologies in arts research. By generating a unique dataset and applying interdisciplinary approaches, we contribute to the scientific examination of the arts and enhance our understanding of human creativity and cultural heritage. This thesis contributes to the broader goal of fostering diversity, equity, and inclusion within the arts by shedding light on social structures and suggesting potential avenues for change. Lastly, this work underscores the importance of interdisciplinary research in enriching our understanding of human development and behavior in creative domains.
The lexical divide: propositive modes and non agentic attitudes define the progressive left in Chile
(2024) Raveau, María Paz; Couyoumdjian, Juan Pablo; Fuentes-Bravo, Claudio; Rodriguez-Sickert, Carlos; Candia Vallejos, Cristian
Internal factors-such as psychological traits or individual attitudes-relate to and explain political cleavages. Yet, little is known about how locus of control, agency, and modal atti tudes impact political ideology. Utilizing textual analysis within the context of the Chilean 2015 constituent process, we go beyond traditional survey methods to explore community clusters in “Values” and “Rights” networks built upon the deliberation of 106,000 people. Our findings reveal distinct attitudinal patterns across political orientations: the progressive left generally exhibits a more propositive and non-agentic attitude, the traditional left adopts an evaluative stance towards values, and the right-wing community leans towards a factual attitude but shifts to an evaluative stance when discussing rights. These results underscore the role of psychological constructs in shaping political ideologies and introduce textual analysis as a robust tool for psychological and political inquiry. The study offers a compre hensive understanding of the complexities of political behavior and provides a new lens through which to examine the psychology of political ideology.

Browsing by Author "Candia Vallejos, Cristian"

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