Artículos Arquitectura

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Transformación del espacio fluvial urbano y sus efectos sobre la conectividad social, el caso de Valdivia (1909-2020)
(2024) Salinas Varela, Edison; Andersen Cirera, Karen; Bisbal Grandal, Ignacio; Napadensky Pastene, Aarón
Los espacios fluviales en áreas urbanas han sufrido importantes transformaciones en las últimas décadas. En el contexto Latinoamericano aún hay poca evidencia sobre las características e impactos de esta transformación, sobre todo en ciudades medianas y pequeñas. El objetivo principal de este artículo es analizar las trasformaciones del espacio fluvial urbano en el último siglo en una ciudad de escala mediana para conocer sus causas y los efectos sobre la conectividad social. Se analiza el caso de la ciudad de Valdivia de Chile, en su espacio fluvial más representativo: la ribera del centro fundacional y frente a ésta la ribera de Isla Teja. Metodológicamente se realiza un estudio diacrónico de tipo cualitativo basado principalmente en interpretación cartográfica, apoyado de información documental, centrándose en dos variables o categorías de análisis: forma urbana y elementos de conectividad fluvial. Se concluye que Valdivia ha sufrido una intensa transformación de sus espacios fluviales urbanos en el último siglo producto de eventos catastróficos y de cambios culturales. Se trata de un proceso discontinuo y diferente para cada ribera: un borde aumentó continuamente su superficie artificial generando una plataforma conectora resiliente a los cambios y catástrofes, mientras que el otro pasó de un proceso de artificialización a un borde poco intervenido y con mínima conectividad social. La investigación contribuye a la comprensión de la evolución del espacio fluvial urbano en el contexto latinoamericano, junto con aportar elementos para el diseño y planificación de las riberas urbanas.
Resilience to wildfires:
(2024) Gonzalez-Mathiesen, Constanza
This paper explores the elements influencing and conditioning spatial planning processes for changing their systems based on new wildfire information. The research was approached as an inductive qualitative research, using a multiple case study strategy: the Chilean and the Victorian (Australia) spatial planning systems. The analysis considered the barriers and facilitators for change (willingness, understandings, and capacities), and the stages of processes of knowledge development for changing the spatial planning systems (identification, reframing, and implementation). Based on a cross-case synthesis of the two case studies, analytic generalizations about spatial planning's ability to change its instruments and practices for dealing with wildfires, and elements conditioning this ability, are suggested in the form of theoretical propositions: three overarching propositions, broken down into ten propositions specific to the stages of the process of knowledge development and change. These provide applied understandings of spatial planning mechanisms and processes that hinder or contribute to changing their instruments for dealing with wildfires. Furthermore, they suggest that the success of knowledge development and change processes requires the acceptance and use of the willingness, understanding, and capacity dynamics. Ultimately, this research contributes theoretical and practical insights for promoting wildfire resilience via the planning and governance of cities.
Challenges in developing wildfire understanding from wildfire information through spatial planning processes
(2024) Gonzalez-Mathiesen, Constanza
This paper aims to explore the elements that condition and limit spatial planning processes for developing wildfire understanding from wildfire information. The central argument of this paper is that spatial planning’s ability to develop wildfire understanding from new evidence and experience is critical for improving spatial planning systems to better integrate wildfire considerations to promote settlements’ resilience to wildfires. The research involved using an inductive qualitative research approach for two case studies: Victoria (Australia) and Chile’s spatial planning processes for developing wildfire understanding from wildfire information. Based on the analysis of the case studies and cross-case synthesis, key elements that challenge planning processes were identified, and herein, they are discussed in terms of four general categories of the process of knowledge development: (a) identification; (b) ‘co-generation’; (c) reframing; and (d) implementation. The study identifies that the Victorian and Chilean spatial planning systems often fail to give spatial planning meaning to new and dynamic wildfire information due to key elements that constrain the processes of knowledge development. This implies that new wildfire information often does not translate into improvements in the planning system, which in turn entails missing the opportunity to promote settlements’ resilience to wildfires.
Registro físico-digital del territorio:
(2024) Galleguillos Negroni, Valentina Alejandra; Mazzarini Watts, Piero; Novoa López-Hermida, Alberto
Algunas interrogantes que los docentes tenemos al momento de planificar una salida a terreno:¿Qué pasa si algún estudiante no puede ir a esa experiencia arquitectónica? ¿Qué sucede si el tiempo planificado no fue lo suficiente para registrar, medir, observar lo que los profesores solicitan del territorio? Y por último ¿Cómo verificar que la información registrada en el territorio es fiable para llevarla al aula? Se observa un espacio poco explorado sobre las salidas a terreno, nuevas maneras de adquirir, verificar la información de una forma más vivida y que permita un acercamiento a la experiencia de medir y registrar el territorio de una forma más holística e inmersiva. La incorporación de experiencias de realidades extendidas ofreciendo una visión completa, en cuanto al registro, recorrido y medida. Acercando la distancia del estudiante al territorio las veces que sea necesaria para encontrar la información solicitada, también de verificar lo realizado en terreno.
A charter for fire-adapted settlements
(2024) March, Alan; Gonzalez-Mathiesen, Constanza; Yunis-Richter, Francisca
Urban settlements in bushfire interface areas face many ongoing challenges that require integrated actions across jurisdictional boundaries and spatio-temporal scales. The Charter for Fire Adapted Settlements (CFAS) and its practice note have been developed as a relatively simple summary of key principles to achieve this. Its foundational principles can be used and adapted in a range of settings in Australia and internationally to understand risks, to develop or critique existing processes and to take action.
Modelling the vulnerability of urban settings to wildland–urban interface fires in Chile
(2024) Aguirre, Paula; León, Jorge; Gonzalez-Mathiesen, Constanza; Román, Randy; Penas, Manuela; Ogueda, Alonso
Wildland–urban interface (WUI) regions are particularly vulnerable to wildfires due to their proximity to both nature and urban developments, posing significant risks to lives and property. To enhance our understanding of the risk profiles in WUI areas, we analysed seven fire case studies in central Chile. We developed a mixed-method approach for conducting local-scale analyses, which involved field surveys, remote-sensing through satellite and drone imagery, and GIS-based analysis of the collected data. The methodology led to the generation of a georeferenced dataset of damaged and undamaged dwellings, including 16 variables representing their physical characteristics, spatial arrangement, and the availability of fire suppression resources. A binary classification model was then used to assess the relative importance of these attributes as indicators of vulnerability. The analysis revealed that spatial arrangement factors have a greater impact on damage prediction than the structural conditions and fire preparedness of individual units. Specifically, factors such as dwelling proximity to neighbours, distance to vegetation, proximity to the border of dwelling groups, and distance from the origin of the fire substantially contribute to the prediction of fire damage. Other structural attributes associated with less affluent homes may also increase the likelihood of damage, although further data are required for confirmation. This study provides insights for the design, planning, and governance of WUI areas in Chile, aiding the development of risk mitigation strategies for both built structures and the broader territorial area.
Integrando la gestión del riesgo de los incendios forestales y la planificación territorial:
(2024) Gonzalez-Mathiesen, Constanza; March, Alan; Yunis-Richter, Francisca
En zonas de interfaz urbano-rural expuestas a incendios forestales, es fundamental que la planificación territorial se adapte para integrar medidas de reducción del riesgo. Sin embargo, pocos estudios han examinado las interacciones históricas entre la gestión de incendios forestales y la planificación territorial, y cómo sus instituciones e instrumentos se han adaptado para aumentar su integración a través del tiempo. Por consiguiente, el objetivo de esta investigación es examinar la evolución del sistema de planificación territorial chileno en su incorporación de medidas para la gestión del riesgo de los incendios forestales. Se utiliza una estrategia de análisis cualitativo de estudio de caso. Se presenta una cronología de la planificación territorial chilena y su integración de los incendios forestales caracterizada en cinco períodos. Los resultados muestran progresivos esfuerzos para mejorar la manera en que la planificación territorial aborda los incendios forestales, sin embargo, éstos también evidencian que características del contexto histórico condicionan y limitan su capacidad de hacerlo. Esta investigación contribuye al entendimiento del sistema de planificación chileno y su relación con los incendios forestales, aportando a la discusión internacional sobre los factores que condicionan la integración de políticas de reducción de riesgo de desastres en diversos contextos.
Assessing the integration of planning instruments for urban land use and water service
(2023) Gonzalez-Mathiesen, Constanza; Palma, Cristian D.; Jara, Cesar; Zapata, Richard
Land-use planning instruments guide development, significantly affecting future water demands. Hence, land-use and water-service planning should be integrated. However, water availability issues in urban areas might indicate that this integration is not happening. To evaluate the integration among planning instruments, we propose a set of indicators to quantify the magnitude of the integration and an appraisal framework for exploring the possible causes of a lack of integration. We apply them to eight settlements in Chile, and we find some inconsistencies between water service and land-use planning instruments. Suggestions are proposed to enable the desired integration.
Proyecto Espacio Humano: museo y jardín. San Carlos de Apoquindo, Chile, 2023.
(2023) Bahamondes, Eloy; Vásquez, Lucas; Cox, Marcelo; Jullien, François; Zarhi, Sebastián; Romero, Camila; Salas, Francisca; González, Elena
Para las y los autores de este proyecto, ganador del concurso para albergar la obra del escultor Mario Irarrázabal, un museo puede entenderse como un jardín -definido por sus límites, pero también abierto al cambio-. Para nosotros en ARQ, este proyecto también demuestra cómo los edificios pueden ser herramientas para la recuperación ecológica, donde las lógicas de emplazamiento, circulación y redes de infraestructura se tratan como oportunidades para favorecer a las especies más-que-humanas que ya habitan este lugar.
Long-established rules and emergent challenges: spatial planning and wildfires in Chile
(2023) González-Mathiesen, Constanza; March, Alan
It is generally expected that spatial planning integrates wildfire risk reduction considerations in areas affected by this hazard. However, many spatial planning systems are challenged to adequately deal with this risk. There is a need for applied understandings of planning systems characteristics that facilitate or impede wildfire risk reduction. Accordingly, this research explores spatial planning limitations to the integration of wildfire risk reduction measures by comparing spatial planning and wildfire risk reduction measures based on five key dimensions: structure, realm, spatial scale, territorial boundaries, and time scale. The research used a qualitative case study strategy of the Chilean spatial planning system, employing qualitative content analysis of key documents. The results show that the long-established characteristics of Chile’s spatial planning limit its ability to accommodate wildfire risk reduction measures in the five dimensions analyzed. The research contributes to understanding some of spatial planning’s constraints to manage wider complex challenges.
Embracing the challenges of urban resilience
(2022) March, Alan; González-Mathiesen, Constanza
Urban resilience presents multiple challenges to the disaster risk reduction sector, as well as to the many professionals and other stakeholders who manage and use the built environment. A range of guides, initiatives, charters and strategies aim to improve urban resilience. However, it remains unclear how the enormity of the task can be addressed comprehensively, even while specific actions may be effective in targeted ways. This paper suggests that the field of action and core ‘work’ of resilience depends on embracing and working on the problematics of achieving city resilience.
Inteligencia colaborativa y realidad extendida: nuevas estrategias de visualización
(2022) Galleguillos-Negroni, Valentina; Mazzarini Watts, Piero; Quintanilla-Chala, José
From the experience gained since the beginning of the pandemic, we can affirm that not everything can be taught online or everything in person. Now, there is a gap that it is important to identify in a teaching that articulates the fase-to-face-online and to know the optimal dosaje to guarantee quality training. Everything indicates that both systems should converse in a hybrid methodology, or, better said, balanced or harmonized. The challenge is to define the proportion of each thing, both in time and intensity. It seems that, in the conquest of this necessary balance or harmony, “collaborative intelligence” offers unsuspected rules of the game. Increasingly we can find this questioning in various institutions around the world and not only referred to the field of architecture education but in all those áreas in which, in the transition from knowing to doing, they seek new meanings.
Aeropuerto Arturo Merino Benítez
(2018) Amunategui, Sergio; Stantec Architecture + Amunátegui Barreau Arquitectos aia; Barreau, Carmen; Smith, Stanis; Vidal, Luis
Pese al declive de los discursos como el marketing urbano o la arquitectura espectáculo, las grandes infraestructuras de transporte siguen siendo una necesidad para las ciudades que quieren participar de la economía global. Así, no es casual que el nuevo aeropuerto de Santiago sea el edificio en construcción más grande de Chile. Pero su tamaño no sólo tiene que ver con la cantidad de pasajeros que recibirá, sino también con la escala de sus principales usuarios: las aeronaves.
El comercio informal de calle en las comunas Santiago y Concepción
(2017) Souza, Mónica de; Bustos, Alexander
El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los resultados de la investigación empírica sobre el comercio callejero de las comunas de Santiago y Concepción realizada entre marzo de 2015 y febrero de 2016. Dichos resultados fundamentaron la elaboración de un Mapa del comercio informal de calle y contribuyeron a la identificación de aspectos importantes de ese fenómeno, como su extensión sobre el territorio, el número de trabajadores involucrados, rasgos del comportamiento de dichos trabajadores y la relación de esa actividad con el espacio urbano.
Land Use Planning for Disaster Resilient Communities
(2020) Australian Institute for Disaster Resilience; March, Alan; González-Mathiesen, Constanza
Land-use planning that considers natural hazard risk is the single most important mitigation measure in minimising the increase in future disaster losses in areas of new development. The Land Use Planning for Disaster Resilient Communities handbook focuses on land use planning for new development and its role in supporting disaster-resilient communities. It outlines nationally agreed on principles for good practice in land use planning to build disaster-resilient communities. The handbook introduces community wellbeing and disaster resilience as the overarching aim of land use planning and disaster risk reduction and outlines nationally agreed on principles for land use planning for disaster resilient communities. The aim and principles provide the context for good practice in general as well as across the document. The handbook also presents a procedural framework for land use planning for disaster resilient communities. The framework can be applied across the decision-making process at the different levels of land use planning. It is intended to guide and assist a range of stakeholders including: Natural hazard and emergency managers - to build capacity in and understanding of the impact of natural hazard risks in land use planning; Land-use planners, build environment professionals and developers - to build awareness of and capacity in engaging with natural hazard and emergency managers and to integrate natural hazard risk assessment into the planning process; Community members and leaders - to provide an understanding of the reasons for and main mechanisms of risk management in land use planning in their communities and the interdependencies between diverse actors' decisions as these related to natural hazard risks.
Urban planning’s role in the development, transfer, and application of knowledge about bushfire risk management in Victoria
(2017) González-Mathiesen, Constanza; March, Alan
Internationally, there is increasing concern with developing improved ways of dealing with disasters (UNISDR, 2015). The development of policy and practices for the reduction of disaster risk is intimately related to knowledge about dynamic and spatially particular risks and relevant ways of managing these via informed decisions and coordinated action (Weichselgartner and Pigeon, 2015). It is now commonly accepted that integrating disaster risk considerations into urban planning process is advantageous - what is less widely discussed is urban planning’s proper role when interacting with disaster risk management knowledge. This paper examines urban planning’s role in the development, transfer, and application of knowledge about bushfire risk management in Victoria. It argues that urban planning, in partnership with other disciplines, has the capacity to put risk management knowledge into action to manage risk by applying it in an effective and contextualized manner to overcome barriers, bridging the gap between spatial and aspatial policies. It reports the manner in which Victoria's connections between strategic and statutory planning, and other implementation activities and processes, are often incomplete, contradictory, or are simply uncertain in the outcomes they actually achieve. The paper contributes to planning theory and practice dealing with disasters and resilient settlements. It increases awareness of urban planning processes that develop, transfer, and apply bushfire risk management knowledge, and the barriers to overcome to be effective.
Real Estate Social Market Employing a PPP Approach: The Chilean Case
(2017) Oliveros R., José; González-Mathiesen, Constanza
Engaging the private sector in the social housing provision is a contested public policy discussion in Australia and internationally. A valuable reference case for Australia is the social housing policy in Chile, which has drifted from a traditional procurement approach, meaning that the public sector is in charge of providing housing units; to a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) approach in which a real estate social housing market was created using demand subsidy certificates and certified private social housing developers. The evolution of social housing in Chile has been well documented and assessed; however, studies have not distinguished between the effects associated to the current procurement method (PPP) and to the public policy (strategy). This research aims to understand whether the source of the impacts is the public policy or the procurement method; differentiating which procurement method appears to have better performance. The conclusion of the article is that most impacts are related to the public policy as a whole; and in general term, the PPP approach has a better performance compare to the traditional procurement approach. These findings contribute to have a clearer understanding of the effects of a PPP approach to social housing provision, adding to the Australian social housing discussion and public policy decision-making.
Urban planning: historical changes integrating bushfire risk management in Victoria
(2019) González-Mathiesen, Constanza; March, Alan; Leonard, Justin; Holland, Mark; Blanchi, Raphaele
Bushfires represent an increasing risk for people and properties in exposed urban areas. The integration of bushfire risk management considerations into urban planning is one of the approaches used to address this challenge. This paper summarises the key changes in urban planning and building regulations that were introduced in Victoria over time to minimise the effects of bushfire on settlements. These have generally occurred within four main eras, being the independent origins of planning and bushfire risk management, the progressive emergence of bushfire risk management into urban planning between the late 1970s and the early 1990s, the formalisation of bushfire risk management via urban planning with the Wildfire Management Overlay in 1997 and the 2011 reforms associated with the Bushfire Management Overlay and its following adjustments. Advancements in urban planning regulation have usually occurred after bushfire events that inflicted significant losses on communities. These changes represent an ongoing trend towards the integration of bushfire risk reduction measures into urban planning mechanisms.
Desafíos para las interfaces urbano-rurales propensas a incendios forestales: El caso de Melbourne
(2019) González-Mathiesen, Constanza; March, Alan; Stanley, Janet
Los incendios forestales son una amenaza creciente para muchos residentes de las interfaces urbano-rurales situadas en áreas propensas a estos siniestros. La planificación espacial es un aspecto importante al lidiar con el riesgo de incendio forestal, ya que tiene el potencial de modificar el diseño, la ubicación y las características de los asentamientos. Sin embargo, los sistemas de planificación pueden tener dificultades para integrar acciones al respecto. Este documento reflexiona sobre los mecanismos para tratar los factores clave de riesgo de incendio forestal en las interfaces urbano-rural y los desafíos asociados a esta tarea, a través de un estudio de caso, el de Melbourne. Este se analiza desde la perspectiva de los mecanismos de planificación espacial que abordan el riesgo de incendio forestal, relacionados a las estructuras físicas y a los roles de los organismos. Los mecanismos físicos para tratar el riesgo se examinan considerando la cartografía, la acción estratégica y los procesos de toma de decisiones. Finalmente, se destacan los siguientes desafíos a los que se enfrentan los mencionados mecanismos de planificación: influencia directa e indirecta de la política; otros requerimientos de planificación que compiten y frenan la gestión de riesgos; limitaciones de implementación; y problemas asociados al legado de riesgo en asentamientos existentes.
Guide proposal for urban planning for fostering wildfire resilient timber construction in the urban-rural interface
(2021) González-Mathiesen, Constanza; March, Alan
In wildfire-prone urban-rural interface areas, policies for fostering wildfire resilient timber construction need to consider the risks associated with the interaction between wildfires and buildings, implementing wildfire risk reduction strategies. By comprehensively integrating wildfire risk reduction considerations, urban planning can contribute to implementing policies for fostering wildfire resilient approaches to timber construction. However urban planning systems often fail to do so, addressing wildfires partially and inconsistently. Thus, there is a need to set out comprehensive approaches to urban planning for wildfire risk reduction. To address this gap, this paper aims to propose a guide for urban planning integrating wildfire risk reduction considerations that can contribute to foster wildfire resilient timber construction in wildfire-prone areas. The study was approached as inductive qualitative research of two case studies: the urban planning systems of Chile and Victoria (Australia). Based on the analysis, the research presents a normative guide for urban planning integrating wildfire risk reduction considerations based on three broad categories: legislation; spatial plans; and implementation processes. The framework presented serves as a guide to fostering resilient timber construction in wildfire-prone areas by comprehensively integrating wildfire risk reduction considerations into urban planning systems.

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