DSpace Repository :: Browsing by Author "Polo Rodrigo, Pablo"

Browsing by Author "Polo Rodrigo, Pablo"

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Analysis of the Assessment of Vocal Performance Samples of Students of Acting from a Social Behavioral Perspective
(2024) Fernandez-Fresard, Gala; Flores Prado, Luis; Duarte, Maria; Muñoz Reyes, José Antonio; Polo Rodrigo, Pablo
The present study proposes an innovative analysis of the assessment of vocal performance samples (VPSs) from a social–behavioral perspective. The study’s main purpose was to analyze the cooperative tendency of teacher–student interaction to estimate the impact of cooperation on the formative nature of VPSs’ assessment experience. The latter was held in two different contexts based on the teachers’ perception: as an evaluator and as a spectator. The formative nature was judged through the students’ learning achievement and measured by their grades and their perceptual valuing of the assessment results provided by the teachers. The experiment was conducted at a Chilean university with twenty-two teachers and fourteen students of acting. The results indicate that no significant differences were observed in the control group (students assessed under the traditional system) between teachers who did not exhibit cooperative tendencies and those who did. However, in the experimental group (students assessed using a social–behavioral perspective system), teachers who did not exhibit cooperative tendencies were valued significantly lower than those who did. It was concluded that the presence of cooperative components in the teacher–student interaction contributes to determining the formative nature of the assessment experience in terms of how the students perceive it. The following is true as long as the structure of this experience promotes a collaborative interaction between teachers and students. This type of formative assessment can improve the assessment experience by fostering a teacher–student interaction that allows the co-construction of the theatrical phenomenon, which could potentially positively impact students’ vocal expressiveness.
Copulation Call in Female Hamadryas Baboons (Papio hamadryas): Adaptive Function and Information Content
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Gobierno, 2024) Belinchón Ortiz, Montserrat; Polo Rodrigo, Pablo
Introduction: In primates, copulation calls are vocalizations emitted by females at the end of copulation, being common in promiscuous species organized in multi-male, multi-female groups. These calls are thought to increase male competition for access to females, enhancing either male guarding or sperm competition around ovulation, which could respectively increase or confuse paternity certainty and reduce the risk of infanticide. Female hamadryas baboons also produce these calls. However, this species is organized in one-male units, where leader males sexually monopolize the females in their units, resulting in high paternity certainty. Therefore, these vocalizations appear to provide no obvious benefit in hamadryas baboons regarding risk of infanticide, raising the question of their role in this species. Objective: This study aims to investigate the adaptive function of copulation calls in hamadryas baboons by examining their use (chapter 2) and the information they convey (chapter 3). We propose that if these vocalizations increase male competition in other primate species, in hamadryas baboons, they might be related to the coercive takeovers of females, as this is the primary consequence of male competition. Methods: This study was based on an observational design using behavioral sampling to collect data on copulations and their acoustic behavior in the Hamadryas baboon colony at Madrid Zoo during July and September 1999. Additionally, previous databases from the colony’s longitudinal study and grooming interaction records were included. Using these data, we analyzed the presence of copulation calls in each event, their acoustic structure, the male’s and female’s social status, the occurrence of ejaculation, the female’s reproductive status, the presence of related females in the unit, and female transfers to other units. Results: We observed that copulation calls are more likely in peripheral females within large units and central females in small units, occurring more frequently when the male ejaculates and during female’s maximal sexual swelling. These vocalizations were also associated with an increased likelihood of females transferring to other units, although such transfers occurred only in females belonging to small units. On the other hand, no evidence was found that copulation calls convey nformation about the male’s or female’s social status, but they did convey information about male ejaculation. Furthermore, significant acoustic variability was observed among females. Conclusion: We conclude that copulation calls in hamadryas baboons are used and contain information different from that observed in other primates with promiscuous mating systems, suggesting a potentially distinct adaptive role. The evidence indicates that these vocalizations might be primarily related to promoting female transfers to other units, where their reproductive success could be increased. However, due to the limitations of our study, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn, and we highlight the need for longitudinal studies with longer observation periods to better understand their function.
Evidence of the active participation of women in the intergroup conflict based on the use of aggression and cooperation
(2023) Muñoz Reyes, José Antonio; Torrico-Bazoberry, Daniel; Polo Rodrigo, Pablo; Figueroa, Oriana; Guzmán-Lavín, Eugenio; Fajardo, Gabriela; Valenzuela-Martinez, Nohelia T.; Belinchón, Montserrat; Rodriguez-Sickert, Carlos; Pita, Miguel
Intergroup conflict has been a persistent aspect of human societies since the emergence of our species. Various researchers have proposed that competition between groups has acted as a key selective force throughout human evolutionary history. Such intergroup competition for limited resources exacerbated the expression of intergroup aggression and intragroup cooperation. Furthermore, it would have a sexual dimorphism, with men demonstrating increased sensitivity to conflict threats—in order to maximize reproductive opportunities—, while women generally reject from active engagement in intergroup conflict. In the present study, we conducted behavioral experiments under controlled laboratory conditions to measure cooperation and aggression from using virtual games, specifically the Public Good Games and the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm, in a sample of 541 participants. We created control and experimental intergroup competition scenarios, where aggression and cooperation were necessary to increase monetary rewards. Our results shows that men modulate aggression and cooperation in the presence of intergroup conflict. In addition, our data also reveals that women cooperate more than men and display heightened levels of cooperation and aggression when confronted with intergroup conflict. These findings prompt a reevaluation of current functional theoretical models concerning the role of women in intergroup conflict and suggest that the dynamics of human aggression and cooperation may be more nuanced than previously believed.
From sex differences in aggression to intergroup conflict and cooperation: the history that hides women behavior
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Gobierno, 2023) Torrico-Bazoberry, Daniel; Muñoz, José Antonio; Polo Rodrigo, Pablo
Intergroup conflict has been a persistent aspect of human societies since the emergence of our species. Various researchers have proposed that competition between groups has acted as a key selective force throughout human evolutionary history. Such intergroup competition for limited resources 18 exacerbated the expression of intergroup aggression and intragroup cooperation. Furthermore, it would have a sexual dimorphism, with men demonstrating increased sensitivity to conflict threats—in order to maximize reproductive opportunities—, while women generally reject from active engagement in intergroup conflict. In the present study, we conducted behavioral experiments under controlled laboratory conditions to measure cooperation and aggression from using virtual games, specifically the Public Good Games and the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm, in a sample of 541 participants. We created control and experimental intergroup competition scenarios, where aggression and cooperation were necessary to increase monetary rewards. Our results shows that men modulate aggression and cooperation in the presence of intergroup conflict. In addition, our data also reveals that women cooperate more than men and display heightened levels of cooperation and aggression when confronted with intergroup conflict. These findings prompt a reevaluation of current functional theoretical models concerning the role of women in intergroup conflict and suggest that the dynamics of human aggression and cooperation may be more nuanced than previously believed.
Quantitative evaluation of a theoretical-conceptual model based on affective and socio-behavioral dimensions to explain the academic performance of mathematics students
(2024) Marín-Álvarez, Felipe; Flores-Prado, Luis; Figueroa, Oriana; Polo Rodrigo, Pablo; Varela, Jorge; Muñoz Reyes, José Antonio
Objective: There is evidence that suggests that affective dimensions, personality traits, as well as students’ cooperative interpersonal interactions, are an important element in the students learning process. In this work we propose a theoretical model, based on evidence, that shows the direct and indirect relationships between these factors and academic performance in mathematics courses, in undergraduate and school students. Methods: To understand the type of relationships between these variables, the PANAS psychometric test of positive and negative affect, the BIG FIVE personality test and the economic decision game DUPLES GAME were applied. The study sample was 130 students between 17 and 22 years of age from undergraduate and school (M ± SD = 20.1 ± 3.99). Results: From a path analysis, statistically significant relationships were found, for example, a direct relationship between neuroticism and positive affect, which in turn is related to academic performance. We also found a direct relationship between neuroticism and negative affect, extraversion and positive affect. This allows us to propose that some of the independent variables of the model directly and indirectly influence the academic performance of students in the subject of mathematics. Conclusion: Positive affect and negative affect directly affect academic performance in mathematics, neuroticism has a direct impact on negative affect and extraversion direct impact on positive affect. Consequently, there are direct and indirect relationships between personality traits and affective dimensions, which affect the academic performance of mathematics students.
The effect of intergroup competition outcome on ingroup cooperation: insights from the male warrior hypothesis
(2024) Belinchón, Montserrat; Polo Rodrigo, Pablo; Rodriguez-Sickert, Carlos; Figueroa, Oriana; Valenzuela-Martinez, Nohelia T.; Pavez, Paula; Muñoz Reyes, José Antonio
Introduction: The Male Warrior Hypothesis (MWH) proposes that sex-specific elective pressures have promoted male cooperation with the ingroup members to outcompete rival groups. However, intergroup conflicts do not occur in isolation and the outcomes of previous competitions may influence group cooperativeness. Since this phenomenon is not well understood, we aimed to shed light on the effect of previous competition outcome on later cooperative behavior under intergroup conflicts. Based on the MWH, we hypothesized that repeated contests between groups could enhance ingroup cooperation, regardless of the outcome of the previous contest because status is at risk, but when competition is not present, participants would move to the symmetric equilibria. Methods: To test this hypothesis, we recruited 246 individuals organized in groups of 6 and measured cooperation using a threshold public good game over two rounds, manipulating the outcome in the first round to create groups of winners and losers. Results: Our results show that intergroup conflict scenarios promoted cooperation in both victory and defeat conditions, whereas, in the control scenario only losers increased their cooperation. Discussion: We argue that winners under the presence of an external threat may enhance in-group cooperation in order to assure their status; whereas, losers may be attempting to regain it.
The role of exogenous testosterone and social environment on the expression of sociosexuality and status-seeking behaviors in young Chilean men
(2024) Polo Rodrigo, Pablo; Fajardo, Gabriela; Muñoz Reyes, José Antonio; Valenzuela-Martinez, Nohelia T.; Belinchón, Montserrat; Figueroa, Oriana; Fernández-Martínez, Ana; Deglín, Marcel; Pita, Miguel
Testosterone plays an important role as a social hormone. Current evidence suggests that testosterone is posi tively related to sociosexuality increasing the psychological attitudes toward investing in short-term versus long term mating and promotes status-seeking behaviors both by dominance and prestige. In addition, the social environment may play an important role in the expression of mating effort through changes in sociosexuality and status-seeking behaviors. However, the causal relationships among the mentioned variables are still debated. We employed a double-blind, placebo-controlled within-individual design, in order to test and integrate the pro posed causal relationships between testosterone and social environment over short-term and long-term mating orientation and dominant and prestigious status-seeking behaviors in a sample of 95 young Chilean men. We did not find evidence that the administration of exogenous testosterone increased short-term or decreased long-term mating orientation as expected. Moreover, exogenous testosterone did not affect either aggressive or cooperative behavior failing to support the social status hypothesis. We also did not find any relationship between short or long-term mating orientation with status-seeking behaviors. Finally, we found support for the effect of social environment on sociosexual attitudes but not over status-seeking behaviors. Thus, men reported higher levels of short-term mating orientation in the presence of a woman compared to a man and no differences were found for long-term mating orientation. We argue that sociosexuality may be expressed flexibly, but contextual factors such as the presence of women seem more important than changes in testosterone levels.

Browsing by Author "Polo Rodrigo, Pablo"

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