Browsing by Author "Pinheiro Fernandes, Anna Christina"
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Publication Ambiente alimentario alrededor de establecimientos educacionales municipalizados de la ciudad de Chillán(2024) Araneda, Jacqueline; Toledo, Álvaro; Inzunza, Constanza; Córdova, Carolina; Pinheiro Fernandes, Anna ChristinaIntroducción: Los ambientes alimentarios externos a los establecimientos educacionales influyen en la alimentación y el estado nutricional de los niños. Objetivo: Determinar el tipo del ambiente alimentario que rodea establecimientos educacionales municipalizados de la ciudad de Chillán. Materiales y método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con una muestra de cuatro establecimientos educacionales municipali-zados y 139 puntos de venta de alimentos. Se utilizaron pautas de observación para medir ambientes alimentarios a 400 metros a partir del punto central de cada escuela. Las pautas evaluaron los puntos de venta de alimentos, según disponibilidad, variedad y publicidad de alimentos. Resultados:El 50% de los puntos de venta de alimentos que rodean a los establecimientos educacionales son categorizados como no saludables. Solo un 9% es considerado un punto de venta saludable. Conclusiones: Se observó una alta densidad de puntos de venta de alimentos no saludables alrededor de las escuelas estudiadas, propiciando un ambiente obesogénico. Es imperativo establecer políticas públicas para mejorar el ambiente alimentario escolar. Food environments outside educational establishments influence children’s diet and nutritional status. Objective: To determine the type of food environment that surrounds the municipal educational establishments of the city of Chillán. Material and method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted involving a sample of four municipal educational establishments and 139 food establishments. Observation guidelines were used to measure food environments 400 meters from the center point of each school, evaluating food outlets based on food avai-lability, variety, and advertising. Results: 50% of food outlets surrounding educational establishments were categorized as unhealthy. Only 9% were considered a healthy selling point. Conclusions: A high density of unhealthy food outlets was observed around the schools studied, fostering an obesogenic environment. It is imperative to establish public policies to improve the school food environment.Publication Diet quality of Chilean schoolchildren: How is it linked to adherence to dietary guidelines?(2025) Pinheiro Fernandes, Anna Christina; Araneda Flores, Jacqueline; Quintiliano Scarpelli Dourado, Daiana; Pizarro Quevedo, Tito; Marques de Oliveira, María RitaIntroduction In Chile, the prevalence of overweight among schoolchildren over the age of 5 is approximately 50%, one of the highest in the Americas region. This is largely influenced by the presence of inadequate food environments, characterized by limited access to healthy foods and a high availability of highly processed foods (HPF). This study analyzes food consumption in Chilean schoolchildren and the association of this with the Chilean Dietary Guidelines Based on Foods (DGBF) and the HPF consumption. Material and methods The sample (1,094 schoolchildren) was obtained from the baseline of the FONDEF IT18I0016 project, in Santiago-Chile. Anthropometry and socioeconomic data were measured. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated semi-quantitative frequency survey featuring images of food groups aligned with DGBF, as well as HPF. All data were collected by trained professional nutritionists. Associations between dependent and independent variables, and potential confounding factors were calculated using logistic regression models with stepwise backward/forward. A p < 0.05 was accepted as significant, using Stata 16.0. Results Most of the students (54.1%) were with malnutrition by excess and 20.0% exhibited abdominal obesity. Twenty percent of the students met the recommended intake for DGBF (fruits, vegetables, fish, milk and dairy products, legumes, water) and less than 5% did not consume any HPF. Consuming some sub-groups of HPF in moderate quantities (either no consumption or occasional consumption) increases the likelihood of meeting DGBF: candies and sweets (OR: 0.72; p = 0.04), pies with or without filling (OR: 0.63; p = 0.01), and salted snacks (OR: 0.67; p = 0.02).Publication Diet quality of Chilean schoolchildren: How is it linked to adherence to dietary guidelines?(2025) Pinheiro Fernandes, Anna Christina; Araneda, Jacqueline; Quintiliano Scarpelli Dourado, Daiana; Pizarro, Tito; Marques, MariaIntroduction: In Chile, the prevalence of overweight among schoolchildren over the age of 5 is approximately 50%, one of the highest in the Americas region. This is largely influenced by the presence of inadequate food environments, characterized by limited access to healthy foods and a high availability of highly processed foods (HPF). This study analyzes food consumption in Chilean schoolchildren and the association of this with the Chilean Dietary Guidelines Based on Foods (DGBF) and the HPF consumption. Material and methods: The sample (1,094 schoolchildren) was obtained from the baseline of the FONDEF IT18I0016 project, in Santiago-Chile. Anthropometry and socioeconomic data were measured. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated semi-quantitative frequency survey featuring images of food groups aligned with DGBF, as well as HPF. All data were collected by trained professional nutritionists. Associations between dependent and independent variables, and potential confounding factors were calculated using logistic regression models with stepwise backward/forward. A p < 0.05 was accepted as significant, using Stata 16.0. Results: Most of the students (54.1%) were with malnutrition by excess and 20.0% exhibited abdominal obesity. Twenty percent of the students met the recommended intake for DGBF (fruits, vegetables, fish, milk and dairy products, legumes, water) and less than 5% did not consume any HPF. Consuming some sub-groups of HPF in moderate quantities (either no consumption or occasional consumption) increases the likelihood of meeting DGBF: candies and sweets (OR: 0.72; p = 0.04), pies with or without filling (OR: 0.63; p = 0.01), and salted snacks (OR: 0.67; p = 0.02). Conclusion: Our results contribute to reaffirm the need to enhance healthy food consumption among schoolchildren and to discourage the intake of HPF, particularly focusing on specific sub-groups of HPF that may increase the risk of displacing the consumption of food groups recommended by the DGBF.Item Diseño, implementación y evaluación de una intervención basada en marketing social para beneficiar los ambientes alimentarios alrededor de escuelas, salas cunas y el Centro de Salud Familiar Cardenal Silva Henríquez en la comuna de Peñalolén(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Medicina, 2023) Rocha Espinoza, Catalina; Labbé, María Ignacia; Pinheiro Fernandes, Anna ChristinaIntroducción: Actualmente la obesidad infantil es uno de los problemas más relevantes a nivel mundial y nacional debido a su gran aumento. Uno de los grandes factores que han influenciado este aumento son los entornos alimentarios debido principalmente a la oferta de alimentos procesados/ultra procesados y a su publicidad. Objetivo: Diseño, implementación y evaluación de una intervención basada en marketing social para beneficiar los ambientes alimentarios de los puntos de venta de alimentos alrededor de escuelas, salas cunas y del Centro de Salud Familiar (CESFAM) Cardenal Silva Henríquez en la comuna de Peñalolén, Región Metropolitana. Material y métodos: Este estudio es de tipo experimental no controlado, descriptivo y transversal, el cual tuvo un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. La metodología para la recolección de datos se realizó a través de encuestas semi estructuras. Para la estadística descriptiva se presentaron las variables según frecuencia absoluta y relativa y en el análisis de datos se realizará mediante medidas de tendencia central, prueba Chi cuadrado y los datos se analizaron con STATA v16.0 y con un valor beta del 80% y un valor p <0,05%. Resultados: En una primera fase los resultados de los puntos de venta fueron clasificados como “Malo” o “Muy malo” con baja variedad y destacando la casi nula publicidad de alimentos saludables. En la segunda fase dos puntos de venta de abastecimiento fueron clasificados como “Bueno” y dentro de los puntos de venta de vía pública solo uno de ellos fue clasificado como “Bueno”. Entre los usuarios no hubo diferencias significativas en cuanto a cómo perciben los puntos de venta en ambas fases. Conclusiones: Para realizar un cambio mayor en los ambientes alimentarios se requiere de un equipo multidisciplinario ya que si bien el marketing social influye en estos, en este estudio no se logró abarcar todas las variables, enfocándonos únicamente en la publicidad siendo la variable más débil en todos los puntos de ventaPublication Effects of school closure on lifestyle behaviours and health outcomes in children during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile: A time-matched analysis(2024) Suárez, Mónica; Fernández, Rodrigo; Quintiliano Scarpelli Dourado, Daiana; Pinheiro Fernandes, Anna Christina; Pizarro, TitoBackground: The COVID-19 pandemic led to school closures, potentially impairing children's behaviours and health. We aimed to explore the effects of school closure on lifestyle behaviours (dietary habits, physical activity) and health outcomes (adiposity, fitness, self-esteem, self-concept) in children. Methods: We measured 247 children before school closure (October-November 2019) and after school reopening (October-November 2021) (COVID-19 group). To distinguish the changes due to school closure from changes due to growth, we included 655 age-matched children with cross-sectional measurements in October-November 2019 (control group). The response of this group (i.e., differences between children with 2 years of difference) was considered the expected response to growth. Two-way ANOVA was used to test age-by-group interactions, indicating an effect of school closure. Results: In 7-to-9-year-old children, the COVID-19 group had larger-than-expected decreases in physical activity (by 0.4 points), resulting in higher physical inactivity prevalence (by 19 percent points) at 9 years. This was accompanied by larger-than-expected increases in fat percentage (by 6.1 percent point). In 8-to-10-year-old children, the COVID-19 group had higher physical inactivity prevalence at 10 years (by 20 percent points). This was accompanied by larger-than-expected increases in fat percentage (by 8.3 percent points), z-score BMI (by 0.90 units), and waist circumference (by 6.1 cm). In 9-to-11-year-old children, the COVID-19 group had larger-than-expected decreases in physical activity (by 0.3 points) and increases in self-concept (by 0.2 points). The response in dietary habits, fitness, or self-esteem was not different between groups. Conclusion: Overall, school closure negatively impacted physical activity and adiposity, particularly in the youngest children.Publication Effects of school closure on lifestyle behaviours and health outcomes in children during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile: A time-matched analysis(2024) Suárez, Mónica; Fernández-Verdejo, Rodrigo; Quintiliano Scarpelli Dourado, Daiana; Pinheiro Fernandes, Anna Christina; Pizarro Quevedo, TitoBackground :The COVID-19 pandemic led to school closures, potentially impairing children's behaviours and health. We aimed to explore the effects of school closure on lifestyle behaviours (dietary habits, physical activity) and health outcomes (adiposity, fitness, self-esteem, self-concept) in children. Methods : We measured 247 children before school closure (October–November 2019) and after school reopening (October–November 2021) (COVID-19 group). To distinguish the changes due to school closure from changes due to growth, we included 655 age-matched children with cross-sectional measurements in October–November 2019 (control group). The response of this group (i.e., differences between children with 2 years of difference) was considered the expected response to growth. Two-way ANOVA was used to test age-by-group interactions, indicating an effect of school closure. Results: In 7-to-9-year-old children, the COVID-19 group had larger-than-expected decreases in physical activity (by 0.4 points), resulting in higher physical inactivity prevalence (by 19 percent points) at 9 years. This was accompanied by larger-than-expected increases in fat percentage (by 6.1 percent point). In 8-to-10-year-old children, the COVID-19 group had higher physical inactivity prevalence at 10 years (by 20 percent points). This was accompanied by larger-than-expected increases in fat percentage (by 8.3 percent points), z-score BMI (by 0.90 units), and waist circumference (by 6.1 cm). In 9-to-11-year-old children, the COVID-19 group had larger-than-expected decreases in physical activity (by 0.3 points) and increases in self-concept (by 0.2 points). The response in dietary habits, fitness, or self-esteem was not different between groups. Conclusion: Overall, school closure negatively impacted physical activity and adiposity, particularly in the youngest children.Item Evaluación de los cambios en la declaración de ingredientes en alimentos envasados, antes y después de la implementación de la Ley 20.606(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Medicina, 2023) Basaure Silva, Nancy Nicole; Castillo Soto, Javiera Catalina; Díaz Rabuco, Martín Andrés; Pinheiro Fernandes, Anna ChristinaEn la actualidad existe un constante aumento en la malnutrición por exceso en la población adulta y pediátrica, este aumento se ha asociado al creciente consumo de alimentos procesados y ultraprocesados. Debido a esto se aprobó la Ley 20.606 sobre la composición nutricional de los alimentos y su publicidad con el fin de mejorar el etiquetado y regular la publicidad de alimentos envasados ayudando a los consumidores a comprender de mejor manera el etiquetado nutricional y proteger a los niños y niñas de la exposición constante a la publicidad de alimentos con baja calidad nutricional. Esta ley entró en vigencia en Junio del 2016 de acuerdo al Decreto Supremo del año 2015 la cual consta de tres ejes principales los cuales son entregar información de forma clara y comprensible para el consumidor a través de la adición de un sello advertencia ALTO EN, dispuesto en la parte frontal de la etiqueta, este sello indica que el alimento se encuentra con adición de sodio, grasas saturadas o azúcares y que superan los límites permitidos por el Ministerio de Salud, con el fin de informar al consumidor respecto al consumo de este alimento. Por otro lado, esta ley busca regular la venta de alimentos al interior de los establecimientos educacionales, asegurando la venta y entrega de productos que no contengan sellos, además de regular la publicidad de alimentos con sellos para menores de catorce años con el fin de evitar su consumo. En julio del año 2019 culmina la implementación de esta ley, entrando en vigencia todos los límites de nutrientes críticos. Debido al impacto de la ley en los alimentos envasados nuestro equipo tiene como objetivo analizar los cambios de los ingredientes en los alimentos envasados antes (2013) y después (2019) de la implementación de la Ley 20.606 y analizarlos según clasificación NOVA de alimentos y clasificación de aditivos según JEFCA y FDA. Metodología: Este estudio es de tipo analítico, transversal, ambispectivo con diseño observacional, no probabilístico en dónde los datos fueron obtenidos a través de la base de datos pertenecientes al proyecto UDD con la posterior construcción de variables de estudio según cantidad de ingredientes, clasificación de aditivos según JEFCA (FAO) y FDA, clasificación de alimentos según NOVA. Resultados: El uso de aditivos según clasificación JEFCA y FDA en los alimentos ha ido en incremento posterior a la Ley 20.606 para evitar el uso de sellos según esta Ley. Del mismo modo los alimentos según clasificación NOVA de procesados y ultraprocesados se mantuvieron en aumento debido a la necesidad de modificar los ingredientes para evitar los sellos de advertencia y adecuarlos a la legislación actual. Conclusión: De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos el número de aditivos ha ido en aumento a lo largo de la implementación de la Ley 20.606 por consiguiente ha aumentado el número de alimentos procesados y ultraprocesados según clasificación NOVA de alimentos.