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Country-level gender inequality is associated with structural differences in the brains of women and men

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dc.contributor.authorZugman, André
dc.contributor.authorAlliende, Luz María
dc.contributor.authorMedel, Vicente
dc.contributor.authorBethlehem, Richard A.I.
dc.contributor.authorSeidlitz, Jakob
dc.contributor.authorRinglein, Grace
dc.contributor.authorArango, Celso
dc.contributor.authorArnatkevičiūtė, Aurina
dc.contributor.authorAsmal, Laila
dc.contributor.authorBellgrove, Mark
dc.contributor.authorBenegal, Vivek
dc.contributor.authorBernardo, Miquel
dc.contributor.authorBilleke, Pablo
dc.contributor.authorBosch-Bayard, Jorge
dc.contributor.authorBressan, Rodrigo
dc.contributor.authorBusatto, Geraldo F.
dc.contributor.authorCastro, Mariana N.
dc.contributor.authorChaim-Avancini, Tiffany
dc.contributor.authorCompte, Albert
dc.contributor.authorCostanzi, Monise
dc.contributor.authorCzepielewsk, Leticia
dc.contributor.authorDazzan, Paola
dc.contributor.authorFuente-Sandoval, Camilo de la
dc.contributor.authorForti, Marta Di
dc.contributor.authorDíaz-Caneja, Covadonga M.
dc.contributor.authorDíaz-Zuluaga, Ana María
dc.contributor.authorPles, Stefan Du
dc.contributor.authorDuran, Fabio L. S.
dc.contributor.authorFittipaldi, Sol
dc.contributor.authorFornito, Alex
dc.contributor.authorFreimer, Nelson B.
dc.contributor.authorGadelha, Ary
dc.contributor.authorGama, Clarissa S.
dc.contributor.authorGarani, Ranjini
dc.contributor.authorGarcia-Rizo, Clemente
dc.contributor.authorGonzalez Campo, Cecilia
dc.contributor.authorGonzalez-Valderrama, Alfonso
dc.contributor.authorGuinjoan, Salvador
dc.contributor.authorHolla, Bharath
dc.contributor.authorUndurraga, Juan
dc.date.accessioned2024-05-17T16:46:58Z
dc.date.available2024-05-17T16:46:58Z
dc.date.issued2023
dc.descriptionAgustín Ibañez, Daniza Ivanovic, Andrea Jackowski, Pablo Leon-Ortiz, Christine Lochner, Carlos López-Jaramillo, Hilmar Luckhoff, Raffael Massuda, Philip McGuire, Jun Miyata Romina Mizrahi, Robin Murray, Aysegul Ozerdem, Pedro M Pan, Mara Parellada, Lebogan Phahladira, Juan P Ramirez-Mahaluf, Ramiro Reckziegel, Tiago Reis Marques, Francisco Reyes-Madrigal, Annerine Roos, Pedro Rosa, Giovanni Salum, Freda Scheffler, Gunter Schumann, Mauricio Serpa, Dan J Stein, Angeles Tepper, Jeggan Tiego, Tsukasa Ueno, Eduardo A Undurraga, Pedro Valdes-Sosa, Isabel Valli, Mirta Villarreal, Toby T Winton-Brown, Nefize Yalin, Francisco Zamorano, Marcus V Zanetti; cVEDA; Anderson M Winkler, Daniel S Pine, Sara Evans-Lacko, Nicolas A Crossley
dc.description.abstractGender inequality across the world has been associated with a higher risk to mental health problems and lower academic achievement in women compared to men. We also know that the brain is shaped by nurturing and adverse socio-environmental experiences. Therefore, unequal exposure to harsher conditions for women compared to men in gender-unequal countries might be reflected in differences in their brain structure, and this could be the neural mechanism partly explaining women's worse outcomes in gender-unequal countries. We examined this through a random-effects meta-analysis on cortical thickness and surface area differences between adult healthy men and women, including a meta-regression in which country-level gender inequality acted as an explanatory variable for the observed differences. A total of 139 samples from 29 different countries, totaling 7,876 MRI scans, were included. Thickness of the right hemisphere, and particularly the right caudal anterior cingulate, right medial orbitofrontal, and left lateral occipital cortex, presented no differences or even thicker regional cortices in women compared to men in gender-equal countries, reversing to thinner cortices in countries with greater gender inequality. These results point to the potentially hazardous effect of gender inequality on women's brains and provide initial evidence for neuroscience-informed policies for gender equality.
dc.description.versionVersión publicada
dc.format.extent6 p.
dc.identifier.citationProc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023 May 16;120(20):e2218782120.
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2218782120
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11447/8836
dc.language.isoen
dc.rightsAtribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 3.0 Chile (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 CL)
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/cl/
dc.subjectGender inequality
dc.subjectSex differences
dc.subjectStructural brain MRI
dc.titleCountry-level gender inequality is associated with structural differences in the brains of women and men
dc.typeArticle
dcterms.accessRightsAcceso abierto
dspace.entity.typePublication
relation.isAuthorOfPublication918d576e-0c4f-4436-b54f-58e78c61e23a
relation.isAuthorOfPublication7a9f060d-7506-44d2-84ae-30bce0fea90a
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery918d576e-0c4f-4436-b54f-58e78c61e23a

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