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Copper-Modified Cellulose Paper: A Comparative Study of How Antimicrobial Activity Is Affected by Particle Size and Testing Standards

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dc.contributor.authorRamírez, Sara
dc.contributor.authorZúñiga, Fabián
dc.contributor.authorAmenábar, Alejandra
dc.contributor.authorContreras, Paulina
dc.contributor.authorBenavides, Viviana
dc.contributor.authorNorambuena, Javiera
dc.contributor.authorMartínez, Jessica
dc.contributor.authorSilva, Nataly
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-14T21:44:06Z
dc.date.available2026-07-14T21:44:06Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.description.abstractThis study aims to provide evidence that when testing cellulose paper modified with copper particles (CuPs), the particle size and the analysis method influence the antimicrobial activity observed by this material. Commercial CuPs of nanometric size (2.7 nm, CuNPs) and micrometric size (2.5 μm, CuMPs) were used to modify cellulose paper sheets. CuPs were incorporated during the pulp disintegration phase (stage 1) of the sheet formation process, according to the ISO 5269-1:2005 standard. Modified paper sheets retained 16% and 14% of CuNPs and CuMPs, respectively. Additionally, CuPs were distributed randomly on the fiber surfaces, often forming aggregates. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of the modified paper sheets was evaluated using ISO 20645:2004 and ISO 20743:2013. The results showed that the antimicrobial activity assessed using each standard method is conditioned by the mechanism of action of the CuPs and, therefore, by their size. It was concluded that ISO 20645:2004 is suitable for evaluating the antibacterial effect of paper/CuNPs, as nanoparticles diffuse from the paper and are released into the culture medium. In contrast, ISO 20743:2013 can be used for both CuNP- and CuMP-based paper, as it evaluates the antibacterial effect based on the direct interaction between the copper particle and the bacteria
dc.description.versionVersión publicada
dc.format.extent10 p.
dc.identifier.citationRamírez, S., Zúñiga, F., Amenábar, A., Contreras, P., Benavides, V., Norambuena, J., Martínez, J., & Silva, N. (2025). Copper-modified cellulose paper: A comparative study of how antimicrobial activity is affected by particle size and testing standards. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(2), 480. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26020480
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26020480
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11447/10814
dc.language.isoen
dc.rightsAtribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 3.0 Chile (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 CL)
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/cl/
dc.subjectCopper
dc.subjectCellulose
dc.subjectPaper
dc.subjectSubstrate
dc.subjectMicroparticles
dc.subjectNanoparticles
dc.subjectAntibacterial
dc.subjectAntimicrobial
dc.titleCopper-Modified Cellulose Paper: A Comparative Study of How Antimicrobial Activity Is Affected by Particle Size and Testing Standards
dc.typeArticle
dcterms.accessRightsAcceso abierto
dcterms.sourceInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences
dspace.entity.typePublication

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