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Human development, inequality, and their associations with brain structure across 29 countries

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dc.contributor.authorMedel, Vicente
dc.contributor.authorAlliende, Luz M.
dc.contributor.authorBethlehem, Richard
dc.contributor.authorSeidlitz, Jakob
dc.contributor.authorRinglein, Grace
dc.contributor.authorArango, Celso
dc.contributor.authorArnatkevičiūtė, Aurina
dc.contributor.authorAsmal, Laila
dc.contributor.authorBellgrove, Mark
dc.contributor.authorBenegal, Vivek
dc.contributor.authorBernardo, Miquel
dc.contributor.authorBilleke, Pablo
dc.contributor.authorBosch-Bayard, Jorge
dc.contributor.authorBressan, Rodrigo
dc.contributor.authorBusatto, Geraldo
dc.contributor.authorCastro, Mariana
dc.contributor.authorChaim-Avancini, Tiffany
dc.contributor.authorCostanzi, Monise
dc.contributor.authorCzepielewski,Leticia
dc.contributor.authorDazzan, Paola
dc.contributor.authorFuente-Sandoval, Camilo de la
dc.contributor.authorDiaz-Caneja, Covadonga M.
dc.contributor.authorForti, Marta Di
dc.contributor.authorDiaz-Zuluaga, Ana Maria
dc.contributor.authorPlessis, Stefan Du
dc.contributor.authorDuran, Fabio
dc.contributor.authorFittipaldi, Sol
dc.contributor.authorFornito, Alex
dc.contributor.authorFreimer, Nelson
dc.contributor.authorGadelha, Ary
dc.contributor.authorGama, Clarissa
dc.contributor.authorGarani, Ranjini
dc.contributor.authorGarcia-Rizo, Clemente
dc.contributor.authorGonzalez Campo, Cecilia
dc.contributor.authorGonzalez-Valderrama, Alfonso
dc.contributor.authorGuinjoan, Salvador
dc.contributor.authorIvanovic, Daniza
dc.contributor.authorUndurraga, Juan
dc.contributor.authorZamorano, Francisco
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-20T14:40:29Z
dc.date.available2026-07-20T14:40:29Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.descriptionBharath Holla, Agustin Ibañez, Andrea Jackowski, Pablo Leon-Ortiz, Christine Lochner, Carlos Lopez-Jaramillo, Hilmar Luckhoff, Raffael Massuda, Philip McGuire, Jun Miyata, Romina Mizrahi, Robin Murray, Aysegul Ozerdem, Pedro Pan, Mara Parellada, Lebogang Phahladira, Juan P. Ramirez-Mahaluf, Ramiro Reckziegel, Tiago Reis Marques, Francisco Reyes-Madrigal, Annerine Roos, Pedro Rosa, Giovanni Salum, Freda Scheffler, Gunter Schumann, Mauricio Serpa, Dan J. Stein, Angeles Tepper, Jeggan Tiego, Tsukasa Ueno, Eduardo A Undurraga, Pedro Valdes-Sosa, Isabel Valli, Mirta Villarreal, Toby T Winton-Brown, Nefize Yalin, Marcus Zanetti, cVEDA, Anderson M Winkler, Sara Evans-Lacko and Nicolas A. Crossley
dc.description.abstractBackground The macro-social and environmental conditions in which people live, such as the level of a country’s development or inequality, are associated with brain-related disorders. However, the relationship between these systemic environmental factors and the brain remains unclear. We aimed to determine the association between the level of development and inequality of a country and the brain structure of healthy adults. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study pooling brain imaging (T1-based) data from 145 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in 7,962 healthy adults (4,110 women) in 29 different countries. We used a meta-regression approach to relate the brain structure to the country’s level of development and inequality. Results Higher human development was consistently associated with larger hippocampi and more expanded global cortical surface area, particularly in frontal areas. Increased inequality was most consistently associated with smaller hippocampal volume and thinner cortical thickness across the brain. Conclusions Our results suggest that the macro-economic conditions of a country are reflected in its inhabitants’ brains and may explain the different incidence of brain disorders across the world. The observed variability of brain structure in health across countries should be considered when developing tools in the field of personalized or precision medicine that are intended to be used across the world.
dc.description.versionVersión publicada
dc.format.extent13 p.
dc.identifier.citationEuropean Psychiatry, 68(1), e100, 1–13
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2025.10060
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11447/10854
dc.language.isoen
dc.rightsAtribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 3.0 Chile (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 CL)
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/cl/
dc.subjectBrain structure
dc.subjectInequality
dc.subjectMeta-regression
dc.subjectMRI
dc.subjectSocial determinants of health
dc.titleHuman development, inequality, and their associations with brain structure across 29 countries
dc.typeArticle
dcterms.accessRightsAcceso abierto
dcterms.sourceEuropean Psychiatry
dspace.entity.typePublication
relation.isAuthorOfPublication918d576e-0c4f-4436-b54f-58e78c61e23a
relation.isAuthorOfPublication7a9f060d-7506-44d2-84ae-30bce0fea90a
relation.isAuthorOfPublication44f61606-44af-40be-9186-155ac9f5acd7
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery918d576e-0c4f-4436-b54f-58e78c61e23a

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