Person: Salvaj, Erica
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Salvaj
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Publication Asociacionismo y marketing en la transformación de barrios históricos hacia destinos turísticos. Análisis de Barrio Italia (Santiago de Chile) y Barrio de las Letras (Madrid)(2019) García Henche, Blanca; Pareti Petruccelli, Stefanía; Salvaj, EricaDebido a la extensa proliferación del turismo urbano a nivel internacional, surge la necesidad de potenciar y entender cómo los barrios históricos, al ser intervenidos estratégicamente, pueden resultar ser destinos turísticos de turismo experiencial, poniendo en valor recursos y servicios que a su vez mejoran la vida de la población local. El objetivo de este trabajo es explorar y describir cómo el fortalecimiento del asociacionismo y las redes entre quiénes componen la oferta cultural, comercial y turística de dichos barrios históricos resulta fundamental para el desarrollo y sostenibilidad de los mismos. Es por esto que se ha seleccionado dos barrios históricos como Barrio Italia (Santiago de Chile) y Barrio de las Letras (Madrid) por encontrarse en diferentes fases de ciclo de vida respecto a su desarrollo como destino turísticoPublication Political connections, the liability of foreignness, and legitimacy: A business historical analysis of multinationals’ strategies in Chile(2018) Bucheli, Marcelo; Salvaj, EricaResearch Summary: We conduct a historical analysis of the multinational corporations’ strategy of creating connections with a host country’s elite as a way of legitimizing its operations in contexts characterized by long-term political, social, and economic changes. We argue that the success or failure of these strategies depends on (a) the perceived legitimacy of these connections among a host country’s society during times of change and (b) the capability of the multinational’s political connections to shield it from challenges arising when the host country’s social structure is undergoing deep transformations. We outline and follow a business historical approach that combines the theoretical frameworks of international business, strategy, organizational theory, and political science to analyze multinationals operating in Chile’s energy and telecommunications sectors from 1932 to 1973. Managerial Summary: Western multinationals face hard challenges when trying to legitimize their operations vis-à-vis the host country’s societies in emerging and underdeveloped countries. One strategy developed by multinationals to neutralize potential challenges to their legitimacy has been to establish connections with influential members of the host country’s elites. We study how this strategy fares in host countries that are undergoing dramatic political and economic changes. We first argue that overtly maintaining open connections with an elite that is viewed as a relic of an illegitimate past can become a liability. And, second, that highly visible connections are more likely to become a liability in times of political and social change than less visible ones. We illustrate our arguments with a historical study of the strategies followed by American telecommunications and oil multinationals in Chile.Publication Understanding Social Contagion in Adoption Processes Using Dynamic Social Networks(01/10/2015) Herrera, Mauricio; Armelini, Guillermo; Salvaj, EricaThere are many studies in the marketing and diffusion literature of the conditions in which social contagion affects adoption processes. Yet most of these studies assume that social interactions do not change over time, even though actors in social networks exhibit different likelihoods of being influenced across the diffusion period. Rooted in physics and epidemiology theories, this study proposes a Susceptible Infectious Susceptible (SIS) model to assess the role of social contagion in adoption processes, which takes changes in social dynamics over time into account. To study the adoption over a span of ten years, the authors used detailed data sets from a community of consumers and determined the importance of social contagion, as well as how the interplay of social and non-social influences from outside the community drives adoption processes. Although social contagion matters for diffusion, it is less relevant in shaping adoption when the study also includes social dynamics among members of the community. This finding is relevant for managers and entrepreneurs who trust in word-of-mouth marketing campaigns whose effect may be over-estimated if marketers fail to acknowledge variations in social interactions.Publication Asociacionismo, redes y marketing en la transformación hacia el turismo experiencial. el caso del Barrio de las letras. Madrid(2017) García Henche, Blanca; Salvaj, EricaSobre la base de las tradiciones y el patrimonio cultural, las pequeñas empresas pueden, a través de la organización, la colaboración social y el emprendimiento, aprovechar estos activos y transformar los espacios urbanos. La Asociación de Comerciantes Barrio de las Letras está transformando dicho barrio madrileño en un destino turístico de experiencias. El objetivo de este trabajo es explorar cómo las asociaciones comerciales, las redes de negocios entre pequeñas empresas y el marketing pueden transformar barrios social y económicamente alicaídos en zonas florecientes para el turismo y el comercio.Publication Global Boards: One Desire, Many Realities(2012) Salvaj, EricaInformal investment represents one of the main sources to finance early-stage new ventures. Despite the progressive participation of women in informal investment, little is known about the characteristics of female informal investors, especially in developing countries. This study examines the gender differences of a sample of 613 informal investors in Chile. To this end we used the database from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Chile 2007–2008 and applied tests of differences in proportions and means for independent samples. The results show that there are significant gender differences in some socio-demographic variables, like education and work status, and also in the perception of good opportunities and the fear to failure. Additionally, women invest smaller amounts and expect lower returns than men do. Finally, women invest more than men in close family. Policy implications of these results are discussed.Publication Business investment in education in emerging markets since the 1960s(2019) Giacomin, Valeria; Jones, Geoffrey; Salvaj, EricaThis article examines non-profit investments by business in education in emerging markets between the 1960s and the present day. Using a sample of 110 interviews with business leaders from a recently developed oral history database, the study shows that more than three-quarters of such leaders invested in education as a non-profit activity. The article explores three different types of motivations behind such high levels of engagement with education: values driven, context focussed, and firm focussed. The article identifies significant regional variations in terms of investment execution, structure, and impact. In South and Southeast Asia, there was a preference for long-term investment in primary and secondary education. In Africa and Latin America, some initiatives sometimes had a shorter-term connotation, but with high-profile projects in partnerships with international organisations and foreign universities. In Turkey, there was heavy focus on training and the creation of universities. The article concludes by examining the impact of this investment, comparing Chile and India especially. It discusses issues such as the paucity of financial data and the challenges of comparing different types of educational spending, which make robust conclusions hard, but does suggest that although such spending did not resolve major educational roadblocks across the emerging world, it represented a positive overall social gainPublication Directors and syndics in corporate networks: Argentina and Italy compared (1913–1990)(2017) Lluch, Andrea; Rinaldi, Alberto; Salvaj, Erica; Vasta, Michelangelo; Salvaj, EricaThis article analyses the evolution of corporate networks in Argentina and Italy from 1913 to 1990, using an interlocking directorates technique applied to six benchmark years and the largest 25 banks and 100 non-financial companies in both countries. The descriptive statistics of the companies and directors in the sample provide input for a network connectivity analysis of the two systems, integrated with historical and structural analyses. Furthermore, this article provides the first assessment of syndics – special auditors for firms – to the network analyses. Relying on a recently established analytical framework, the authors show that the Argentine and Italian corporate networks exhibit different structures and evolutions over time. This research broadens the extant analytical framework by exploring how syndics contribute to corporate networks and how the interaction of macro, meso, and micro levels affects the evolution of syndicatures in the two countries. Finally, the detailed taxonomy of syndics offers evidence of companies’ selection strategies and the historical uses of syndicature as a governance mechanism.Publication Better together: How multinationals come together with business groups in times of economic and political transitions(John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018) Bucheli, Marcelo; Salvaj, Erica; Minyoung, Kim; Salvaj, EricaThis article studies two interrelated questions. First, why did business groups in emerging markets thrive and prevail after pro‐market reforms were implemented in their countries? And, second, what type of adaptation strategies can multinational corporations develop in order to be competitive in economies dominated by business groups? By conducting an archive‐based historical network analysis of business groups in Chile during periods of major economic and political transitions, we maintain that business groups were created in periods of protectionism as a way to navigate economies with strong state participation or inefficient markets. In this process, these groups endogenously created an economy with market imperfections resulting from the dominance of these business groups. This means that the transition toward more open markets did not necessarily create more competitive environments and that elites in emerging economies were unwilling to abandon the advantages of having links between their businesses. Multinationals entering this economy adapted by becoming business groups themselves and creating links with other business groups. In sum, strategies devised as means to reduce market imperfections created new imperfections that incentivized the business groups to retain their structure and forced multinationals to become business groups.Publication Corporate Networks and Business Groups in Argentina in the Early 1970s(01/07/2014) Lluch, Andrea; Salvaj, Erica; Barbero, María Inés; Salvaj, EricaThis article examines the interlocking directorates’ structure of prominent Argentine business groups at the end of the import sub-stitution period (1970–72), identifying corporate relations among and between business groups and the largest companies, during a period characterised by high institutional and macroeconomic instability. Applying social network analysis, it seeks to clarify how business groups can contribute to the cohesion of a corporate network structure, through their ability to create links among firms not only within their boundaries but also external to them. The article contributes to both corporate network and business groups’ literature, highlighting a role of business groups that extant literature has failed to identify as relevant.Publication Longitudinal Study of Interlocking Directorates in Argentina and Foreign Firms’ Integration into Local Capitalism (1923–2000)(Routledge, 2014) Lluch, Andrea; Salvaj, EricaInterlocking directorates can play important roles for the organization and performance of business, as well as for the structuring of economic power (Mizruchi 1996). We are particularly interested in the historical embeddedness of board interlocks and transformations in their significance and structure over time. This chapter focuses on the factors that fueled changes and shifts in Argentine board interlocks throughout the twentieth century. Argentina offers an interesting context because its troubled economic performance has been a puzzling case in literature concerning development economics. Its capitalist system has undergone multiple transformations over the years. Despite its ranking as a comparatively rich country in the early twentieth century, it steadily drifted farther from industrial economies, until the collapse of the economy in 2001.