Person: Salvaj, Erica
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Publication A Sustainable Management Model for Cultural Creative Tourism Ecosystems(2020) García Henche, Blanca; Salvaj, Erica; Cuesta-Valiño, Pedro; Salvaj, EricaThis article proposes a novel management model for cultural, creative, and historic tourism cities. The creation of the model is based on previous literature and in the study of Barrio de las Letras, in Madrid, to identify the key components to successfully develop creative tourism ecosystems. The model integrates the literature on city center management and, unlike previous studies, incorporates missing elements, such as the role of small businesses associations and collaboration networks among diverse stakeholders to develop a cultural–historic tourism ecosystem. This model represents a proposal that supports the coexistence of the private and public sector and sustainable governance models that integrate the inhabitants of city centers with the economic activity generated by urban tourism. The model was developed by an analysis of secondary sources, interviews with key informants, and questionnaires of entrepreneurs located in a recently invigorated cultural and historic neighborhood. The contribution of knowledge offered by this paper is the proposition of a management model that can aid town centers to create competitive cultural/creative/historic tourism ecosystems while still preserving the sustainability of their social/commercial fabric. Therefore, the collaboration of cultural organizations, hospitality industry and retail can promote cultural, creative, and sustainable management model of historic urban centers.Publication Understanding the role of institutions and economic context on entrepreneurial value creation choice(2023) Díaz Tautiva, Julián Andrés; Salvaj, Erica; Vásquez Lavín, Felipe; Ponce, Roberto D.Research background: The observable discrepancies in entrepreneurship activity across countries have motivated both researchers and policymakers to comprehend the sources of these variations. Certain scholars have suggested that the answer to this empirical puzzle lies in the macrolevel processes that influence entrepreneurial endeavours. Purpose of the article: As the understanding of macrolevel processes that shape entrepreneurial behaviour is limited, this research aims to answer how institutions and the economic context influence entrepreneurial value creation choices (i.e., for-profit, non-profit, and mixed). Methods: Using a cross-country sample of 7,891 entrepreneurs in 58 countries, we employ a multilevel ordered probit to evaluate a novel conceptual framework. Our analysis models the direct impact of the regulative framework, the normative pillar, and the cultural pillar, alongside the moderating influence of income inequality and economic uncertainty on value creation choices. Findings & value added: Our findings show that the regulative framework has a positive marginal effect on for-profit and mixed-value creation, but a negative effect on non-profit value creation. Meanwhile, the normative pillar has a negative marginal effect on for-profit and mixed-value creation, but a positive effect on non-profit value creation. The cultural pillar has a negative marginal effect on for-profit and mixed-value creation, but a positive effect on non-profit value creation. Furthermore, income inequality moderates positive the relationship between normative pillar and for-profit and mixed-value creation, while economic uncertainty moderates negative the relationship between normative pillar and for-profit and mixed-value creation. Our research contributes to the literature by providing a nuanced understanding of how institutional pillars can act as drivers or barriers for different entrepreneurial forms, evidence of how uncertainty interacts with institutional forces to shape value creation decisions, and insights into the distinctive attributes of different entrepreneurial forms. Our findings have implications for public policy development.Publication Asociacionismo y marketing en la transformación de barrios históricos hacia destinos turísticos. Análisis de Barrio Italia (Santiago de Chile) y Barrio de las Letras (Madrid)(2019) García Henche, Blanca; Pareti Petruccelli, Stefanía; Salvaj, EricaDebido a la extensa proliferación del turismo urbano a nivel internacional, surge la necesidad de potenciar y entender cómo los barrios históricos, al ser intervenidos estratégicamente, pueden resultar ser destinos turísticos de turismo experiencial, poniendo en valor recursos y servicios que a su vez mejoran la vida de la población local. El objetivo de este trabajo es explorar y describir cómo el fortalecimiento del asociacionismo y las redes entre quiénes componen la oferta cultural, comercial y turística de dichos barrios históricos resulta fundamental para el desarrollo y sostenibilidad de los mismos. Es por esto que se ha seleccionado dos barrios históricos como Barrio Italia (Santiago de Chile) y Barrio de las Letras (Madrid) por encontrarse en diferentes fases de ciclo de vida respecto a su desarrollo como destino turísticoPublication Political connections, the liability of foreignness, and legitimacy: A business historical analysis of multinationals’ strategies in Chile(2018) Bucheli, Marcelo; Salvaj, EricaResearch Summary: We conduct a historical analysis of the multinational corporations’ strategy of creating connections with a host country’s elite as a way of legitimizing its operations in contexts characterized by long-term political, social, and economic changes. We argue that the success or failure of these strategies depends on (a) the perceived legitimacy of these connections among a host country’s society during times of change and (b) the capability of the multinational’s political connections to shield it from challenges arising when the host country’s social structure is undergoing deep transformations. We outline and follow a business historical approach that combines the theoretical frameworks of international business, strategy, organizational theory, and political science to analyze multinationals operating in Chile’s energy and telecommunications sectors from 1932 to 1973. Managerial Summary: Western multinationals face hard challenges when trying to legitimize their operations vis-à-vis the host country’s societies in emerging and underdeveloped countries. One strategy developed by multinationals to neutralize potential challenges to their legitimacy has been to establish connections with influential members of the host country’s elites. We study how this strategy fares in host countries that are undergoing dramatic political and economic changes. We first argue that overtly maintaining open connections with an elite that is viewed as a relic of an illegitimate past can become a liability. And, second, that highly visible connections are more likely to become a liability in times of political and social change than less visible ones. We illustrate our arguments with a historical study of the strategies followed by American telecommunications and oil multinationals in Chile.Publication Understanding Social Contagion in Adoption Processes Using Dynamic Social Networks(01/10/2015) Herrera, Mauricio; Armelini, Guillermo; Salvaj, EricaThere are many studies in the marketing and diffusion literature of the conditions in which social contagion affects adoption processes. Yet most of these studies assume that social interactions do not change over time, even though actors in social networks exhibit different likelihoods of being influenced across the diffusion period. Rooted in physics and epidemiology theories, this study proposes a Susceptible Infectious Susceptible (SIS) model to assess the role of social contagion in adoption processes, which takes changes in social dynamics over time into account. To study the adoption over a span of ten years, the authors used detailed data sets from a community of consumers and determined the importance of social contagion, as well as how the interplay of social and non-social influences from outside the community drives adoption processes. Although social contagion matters for diffusion, it is less relevant in shaping adoption when the study also includes social dynamics among members of the community. This finding is relevant for managers and entrepreneurs who trust in word-of-mouth marketing campaigns whose effect may be over-estimated if marketers fail to acknowledge variations in social interactions.Publication Asociacionismo, redes y marketing en la transformación hacia el turismo experiencial. el caso del Barrio de las letras. Madrid(2017) García Henche, Blanca; Salvaj, EricaSobre la base de las tradiciones y el patrimonio cultural, las pequeñas empresas pueden, a través de la organización, la colaboración social y el emprendimiento, aprovechar estos activos y transformar los espacios urbanos. La Asociación de Comerciantes Barrio de las Letras está transformando dicho barrio madrileño en un destino turístico de experiencias. El objetivo de este trabajo es explorar cómo las asociaciones comerciales, las redes de negocios entre pequeñas empresas y el marketing pueden transformar barrios social y económicamente alicaídos en zonas florecientes para el turismo y el comercio.Publication Global Boards: One Desire, Many Realities(2012) Salvaj, EricaInformal investment represents one of the main sources to finance early-stage new ventures. Despite the progressive participation of women in informal investment, little is known about the characteristics of female informal investors, especially in developing countries. This study examines the gender differences of a sample of 613 informal investors in Chile. To this end we used the database from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Chile 2007–2008 and applied tests of differences in proportions and means for independent samples. The results show that there are significant gender differences in some socio-demographic variables, like education and work status, and also in the perception of good opportunities and the fear to failure. Additionally, women invest smaller amounts and expect lower returns than men do. Finally, women invest more than men in close family. Policy implications of these results are discussed.Publication COVID-19 and higher education: responding to local demands and the consolidation of e-internationalization in Latin American universities(2021) Cordova, Miguel; Floriani, Dinorá Eliete; González-Pérez, Maria Alejandra; Hermans, Michel; Mingo, Santiago; Monje-Cueto, Fabiola; Nava-Aguirre, Karla Maria; Rodriguez, Carlos Adrian; Salvaj, Erica19 pandemic by higher education institutions (HEIs) in Latin America. Design/methodology/approach – This study is based on information from eight leading Latin American private universities. The data were obtained from official sources such as institutional communications and university administrators. Findings – The authors identify two main issues that HEIs should consider while responding to the pandemic. First, greater attention and resource allocation to the universities’ main local stakeholders can affect traditional internationalization activities. Second, a focus on revitalizing foreign partnerships and strengthening “virtual internationalization” can help maintain and eventually increase international presence. Research limitations/implications – While this study analyses how these Latin American HEIs responded during the initial stages of the COVID-19 outbreak, it is important to conduct follow-up studies to shed light on how HEIs are adapting to the COVID-19 crisis as it continues to unfold. Originality/value – This study is based on unique information gathered from leading private, not-for-profit HEIs in Latin America, which, contrary to state-owned HEIs or other private institutions in developed economies, have exhibited different means and conditions to respond to the coronavirus outbreak. Finally, the authors contribute to the literature on the internationalization of HEIs by discussing the role of a significant disruptive event on the internationalization of higher education and, particularly, business schoolsPublication Business investment in education in emerging markets since the 1960s(2019) Giacomin, Valeria; Jones, Geoffrey; Salvaj, EricaThis article examines non-profit investments by business in education in emerging markets between the 1960s and the present day. Using a sample of 110 interviews with business leaders from a recently developed oral history database, the study shows that more than three-quarters of such leaders invested in education as a non-profit activity. The article explores three different types of motivations behind such high levels of engagement with education: values driven, context focussed, and firm focussed. The article identifies significant regional variations in terms of investment execution, structure, and impact. In South and Southeast Asia, there was a preference for long-term investment in primary and secondary education. In Africa and Latin America, some initiatives sometimes had a shorter-term connotation, but with high-profile projects in partnerships with international organisations and foreign universities. In Turkey, there was heavy focus on training and the creation of universities. The article concludes by examining the impact of this investment, comparing Chile and India especially. It discusses issues such as the paucity of financial data and the challenges of comparing different types of educational spending, which make robust conclusions hard, but does suggest that although such spending did not resolve major educational roadblocks across the emerging world, it represented a positive overall social gainPublication Women in corporate networks: An introduction(2024) Ginalski, Stéphanie; Salvaj, Erica; Pak, Susie; Taksa, Lucythis article is designed as an introduction to the Business History specialissue, ‘Women in corporate networks’. to begin, we address the maintheoretical and methodological issues. We argue that business histori-ans should engage in greater dialogue with feminist approaches, bywhich we mean a study of the gendered nature of power relations inbusiness networks. We show that network analysis can be a useful toolfor mapping the gendered structure of the corporate elite. We alsoargue that empirical analysis should focus on the profile of firms, whichhave recruited – or excluded – women, and provide historical profilesof women who made their way onto corporate boards. We then presentthe main results of the empirical case studies conducted in the specialissue, highlighting the similarities and differences in the nationalcontexts. Finally, we discuss the limits of the concept of ‘board diversity’and its application
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