Artículos Humanidades

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Changes in teachers' constructivist beliefs from teacher education programs into the first years teaching in Chile
(2025) Ortúzar, Soledad; Driscoll, Trevor; Mondaca-Rojas, Carlos
Teaching effectiveness can be improved by understanding what shapes teachers' beliefs and attitudes. This study focuses on constructivist beliefs, which are considered to foster quality, student- centered instruction. The study analyzes the extent to which early career teachers hold constructivist beliefs and how these beliefs may change from when they are studying in their teacher education programs to when they begin teaching in Chilean schools. The study uses a mixed-method explanatory sequentia design with a sample of 101 beginning teachers in schools. They were surveyed twice: once when they were in the final years of their teacher education programs, and again in their first years of teaching. Their orientation towards constructivist beliefs decreased, but there are differences in the results depending on the background characteristics of the teachers, the teacher education program characteristics, the teachers' beliefs, and the characteristics of the school where they started teaching.
Designing freedom: Allende, Pinochet and the twin experiments in cyber-socialism and neoliberalism
(2025) Lehto, Otto; Paniagua, Pablo
During the twentieth century, cybernetics became entangled with the socialistand neoliberal transformations in Latin America. Both socialists and market lib-erals appealed to cybernetic ideas about multi-level decentralization and adaptivecontrol to coordinate society and promote welfare. By analyzing Chile as a casestudy, we explore the twin experiments of cyber-socialism and neoliberalismrooted in modernism and oscillating between top-down design and partial (con-strained) decentralization. We show that the modernist and cybernetic ideas of‘designing freedom’ influenced the Allende administration (1970–1973) and thePinochet regime (1973–1990). The former experimented with cyber-socialismthrough Project Cybersyn, and the latter with authoritarian neoliberalism. Focus-ing on the work of cybernetic scholars Stafford Beer and F.A. Hayek, we compareboth regimes’ different but partially overlapping approaches to the design of con-strained freedom. Several features of modernist thinking and cybernetics explainboth experiments’ appeal and shortcomings. These lessons are relevant for con-temporary debates about the future of liberal democracy, the information societyand the compatibility of freedom with artificial intelligence (AI).
Sobre el arraigo: Heidegger y el habitar poético
(2025) Villarino Fresno, Pedro
Para la crítica heideggeriana, el devenir de la metafísica tradicional ha supuesto un «olvido del ser», a partir del cual se ha seguido una pérdida de arraigo en la tierra por parte del hombre. En los escritos tardíos de Martin Heidegger asomaría el vínculo entre el advenimiento del «pensar calculador y tecnificador», sello característico de la Modernidad, y la imposibilidad de poder erigir un habitar originario y propiamente humano. Desde el Heidegger de Ser y tiempo es posible comenzar a vislumbrar que la posibilidad de revitalizar un arraigo que se condiga con la esencia misma del Dasein, y desde allí enarbolar una ética para con las cosas y el mundo, se revela en su misma vida diaria, el espacio desde donde el hombre puede re-fundar su manera de estar-en-el-mundo. De forma complementaria, pensadores contemporáneos como Byung Chul-Han han reivindicado no solo la serenidad heideggeriana, sino también la inactividad, el resguardo de los ritos y la apertura al reconocimiento del otro de cara a la construcción de dicho arraigo. El siguiente artículo busca abrir la reflexión hacia las raíces en las que se sienta nuestro «estar-en», reconociendo en ello la dimensión sagrada que subyace a la existencia humana.
La abolición de la política. La tensión entre democracia y la utopía libertaria de R. Nozick
(2025) Schwember, Felipe; Fuentes, Eduardo
La democracia ha sido objeto de numerosas críticas por parte de distintos autores libertarios. En el presente trabajo nos detendremos en la que formula Robert Nozick en Anar-quía, Estado y utopía y que apunta al carácter en último término liberticida de dicha forma de gobierno. Al respecto sostendremos dos cosas: primero, que la plausibilidad de dicha crítica descansa en ciertos supuestos controvertidos acerca de la representación política, supuestos que, sorprendentemente, Nozick comparte con Rousseau; en segundo lugar, que la fuerza de la crítica de Nozick depende que una cierta concepción del pueblo que hace superflua no solo la democracia en general, sino la reflexión acerca de la libertad política en general
Exeundum est e statu naturali: the lex permissiva y el deber de abandonar el estado de naturaleza en la doctrina del derecho de Kant
(2025) Schwember, Felipe
En el presente artículo discuto la interpretación que Christoph Horn hace de la lex permissiva de la Doctrina del derecho de Kant en su libro Nichtideale Normativität. Horn la interpreta como una ley que dispensa del cumplimiento de los principios generales del derecho. Aquí sostendré que esa interpretación es inaceptable, porque obliga a entender que la propiedad y demás instituciones del derecho privado están fundadas en excepciones a tales principios generales. Sostendré, además, que con el concepto de lex permissiva que adopta Horn no contribuye a explicar el deber de abandonar el estado de naturaleza.
Policy changes and growth slowdown: assessing Chile’s lost decade
(2025) Toni, Emiliano; Paniagua, Pablo; Ordenes, Patricio
Latin America has been snared in an economic slowdown since the end of the commodities boom. Within the region, Chile used to stand alone as the poster child of economic growth and political stability from 1990 to 2010. However, a stark contrast is perceived since around 2014, as Chile has also been trapped in a decade of slow economic growth, marking a shift in its economic trend. This paper examines this Chilean slowdown from an empirical perspective and determines how much can be attributed to internal and external causes. Using the Synthetic Control Method (SCM), our empirical analysis suggests that at least two-thirds of Chile’s recent slowdown can be attributed to internal causes (i.e., policy regime change) and only one-third to external ones. Our results are consistent with the literature, confirming that external volatility can explain only a small fraction of poor economic performance, suggesting that internal factors are the primary source. This research sheds light on the effects of policy regime shifts and their economic impact.
Polycentric democracy and dynamic political stability
(2025) Paniagua, Pablo; Pourvand, Kaveh
A perennial question of political thought is how to stabilize a just regime in the face of disagreement. The importance of this question has been heightened with the Weberian state that monopolizes the power of coercion and anchors society under a single governance structure. This political form has given us both liberal democracy and totalitarianism. The stakes could not be higher in ensuring stability without dismantling pluralism. This paper provides a novel solution to the stability problem by focusing on dynamic stability reached through polycentric democracy. Plural and overlapping centers of governance characterize such democracy. This renders a polycentric system more resilient to changing views than a monocentric one and superior on political risk-management grounds by diffusing decision-making risks. A polycentric system also fosters antifragility in society by avoiding seeking a single and fixed point equilibrium, thereby eluding the pitfalls currently afflicting liberal democracy.
Conceptualising knowledge governance: knowledge regimes and institutions
(2025) Lin, Wanlin; Paniagua, Pablo; Yuan, Minjun
Social scientists are paying attention to the role that knowledge plays in economic phenomena. This focus on knowledge has led to exploring two challenges: first, its governance to reap positive externalities and solve social dilemmas, and second, how we can craft institutions to match the intangible nature of ideas with adequate property rules. This article contributes by elaborating on the different knowledge property regimes and the elements contributing to their classification. This paper first taxonomises knowledge governance regimes based on Ostrom’s work on institutional analysis. Second, it examines why governance structures for managing knowledge production vary across industries, according to (1) the characteristics of knowledge, (2) the attributes of the organisations, and (3) the different rules-in-use to enforce property rights. This is the first study at the intersection of institutional analysis and political economy that highlights the knowledge features, incentive structures, and mechanisms undergirding knowledge governance in different property regimes.
Bespoke science: the use of ad hoc scientific advisory committees in the Covid-19 pandemic
(2025) Koppl, Roger; Pronin, Kira; Cowen, Nick; Podemska-Mikluch, Mart; Paniagua, Pablo
Many governments formed ad hoc scientific advisory committees in the Covid-19 pandemic because they offered the government greater control over policy advice than standing agencies. The difference between ad hoc and standing advisory bodies has been little noted in the literature. High-uncertainty crises demanding expertise and requiring action from the national government increase the value of policy discretion, raising the value of controlling the scientific narrative. An ad hoc body is generally easier to control than a standing body because policymakers have greater liberty to choose its members, specify its mandate, and disband and reconstitute it when needed. Control generally requires either a narrow membership or a narrow mandate. If members cannot be chosen to be reliably aligned with the government or its policy preferences, a narrow mandate will restrain the committee from offering undesired advice or analysis. Our argument builds on the public choice assumption of motivational symmetry: The choices of scientists and politicians are shaped by the same motives and desires that influence individuals in any other sphere of life. Our case studies of Italy, UK, US, Poland, Uganda, and Sweden support our theory.
Higiene puertas adentro: la incorporación del baño en el hogar chileno a través de la Publicidad (1850-1950)
(2025) Dussaillant Christie, Jacqueline
En el marco de la historia cultural y del consumo, este artículo estudia la incorporación del cuarto de baño en la vivienda en Chile, principalmente de Santiago y Valparaíso, en el contexto del cambio de paradigma de salubridad desde la teoría miasmática a la bacteriológica. La oferta en el mercado de diferentes artefactos y objetos orientados a la práctica sistemática del aseo personal en la intimidad de este espacio doméstico, fue parte esencial de la modificación de los hábitos higiénicos de la población. A partir del supuesto de que los avisos publicitarios constituyen difusores culturales que revelan algunos aspectos del mercado, por medio de la revisión de la publicidad en la prensa chilena entre 1850 y 1950 se propone estudiar qué productos orientados a la higiene se ofrecían a través de la prensa y bajo qué discursos. Se postula que el discurso publicitario contribuyó a la difusión de los nuevos conocimientos bacteriológicos entre sus lectores.
¿Un libertarianismo medioambientalista? Propiedad, utopía y política medioambiental en las teorías libertarias
(2025) Schwember, Felipe; Loewe, Daniel
Este artículo examina los modos en que el iusnaturalismo libertario ha afrontado los desafíos medioambientales que suscita la adquisición de la propiedad. Se persiguen tres propósitos: primero, discutir algunos de los supuestos libertarios acerca de la naturaleza y la tecnología; segundo, explorar el potencial medioambientalista de la estipulación de Locke/Nozick; tercero, indicar algunas de las dificultades a que conduce dicha estipulación cuando se la aplica a la resolución de problemas medioambientales. Sostengo que la estipulación conduce a dos resultados, según como se la interprete. El primero ofrece la posibilidad de desarrollar efectivamente un libertarianismo medioambiental robusto, pero solo al precio de imponer severas restricciones a las adquisiciones; el segundo evita tales restricciones, al precio de renunciar a una política medioambiental significativa. Concluyo con algunas reflexiones acerca de la relación entre teoría de la propiedad y medioambientalismo.
Conditiones non sunt multiplicanda sine necessitate: el problema de la equivalencia de las estipulaciones de Locke y Nozick
(2025) Schwember, Felipe; Fuentes, Eduardo
Aunque se inspira en Locke para formular su propia teoría de la propiedad, Nozick exige una y no tres condiciones (o estipulaciones) para la validez de las adquisiciones originarias. Esta diferencia invita a preguntarse si acaso la interpretación de Nozick de las estipulaciones de Locke es correcta o si, en cambio, el filósofo inglés no habrá multiplicado innecesariamente las estipulaciones. El presente trabajo examina ese problema por medio de la aplicación de las respectivas estipulaciones a diferentes situaciones hipotéticas. Sostendremos que la estipulación de Nozick es casi tan eficaz como las tres estipulaciones de Locke para preservar los derechos u oportunidades de terceros. No obstante, sostendremos también que la estipulación de Nozick es incapaz de hacer frente a ciertas dificultades que plantea la explotación de recursos naturales, dificultades que, sin embargo, sí pueden enfrentarse por medio de la estipulación de Locke de no desperdicio.
Complex externalities: introduction to the special issue
(2024) Paniagua, Pablo; Rayamajhee, Veeshan; Murtazashvili, Ilia
collection of essays extends analytical bridges between public choice, property rights economics, and new institutional economics. The essays question many of our prevailing assumptions behind the standard conceptualization of externalities. They also offer pragmatic and theoretical alternatives and apply these insights to analyze radio spectrum, environmental pollution, intellectual property, and public health issues. These essays demonstrate the ongoing significance of public choice in addressing society’s most pressing challenges
Governing the global fisheries commons
(2014) Paniagua, Pablo; Rayamajhee, Veeshan
Despite significant advances in understanding the biophysical and institutional causes of overfishing, we have yet to make progress in addressing the depletion of our global fisheries stock. Investigations of potential solutions tend to be too broad (mischaracterizing global fisheries as a singular commons problem to be addressed at the supranational level) or too narrow (focusing on improving management of small fisheries at the micro level). This article attempts to bridge the gap between our scientific understanding of our collective dilemmas and their pragmatic solutions. Building on insights from Nobel laureate Elinor Ostrom, we frame the depletion of global fisheries as a nested set of diverse and interconnected collective action problems organized at different horizontal and vertical levels, where decisions and actions of one jurisdictional unit reinforce and amplify problems (and solutions) for other units. We examine features of the global fisheries system, such as nonstationarity, nestedness, and prohibitive transaction costs. Then, we explore some potential solutions. The success of our conservation goals depends on our ability to craft institutional rules at the lower levels that are adaptive to local conditions, address incentive misalignment issues, and allow for the transfer of positive externalities to adjacent and higher levels.
The lexical divide: propositive modes and non agentic attitudes define the progressive left in Chile
(2024) Raveau, María Paz; Couyoumdjian, Juan Pablo; Fuentes-Bravo, Claudio; Rodríguez-Sickert, Carlos; Candia Vallejos, Cristian
Internal factors-such as psychological traits or individual attitudes-relate to and explain political cleavages. Yet, little is known about how locus of control, agency, and modal atti tudes impact political ideology. Utilizing textual analysis within the context of the Chilean 2015 constituent process, we go beyond traditional survey methods to explore community clusters in “Values” and “Rights” networks built upon the deliberation of 106,000 people. Our findings reveal distinct attitudinal patterns across political orientations: the progressive left generally exhibits a more propositive and non-agentic attitude, the traditional left adopts an evaluative stance towards values, and the right-wing community leans towards a factual attitude but shifts to an evaluative stance when discussing rights. These results underscore the role of psychological constructs in shaping political ideologies and introduce textual analysis as a robust tool for psychological and political inquiry. The study offers a compre hensive understanding of the complexities of political behavior and provides a new lens through which to examine the psychology of political ideology.
The central banking system paradox
(2023) Espinosa, Víctor I.; Alonso-Neira, Miguel A.; Huerta de Soto, Jesús
The conventions of monetary theory assume the central banking system (CBS) as the starting point for achieving the stability and efficiency of the financial system. This paper stresses the stability-efficiency thesis based on the Austrian business cycle theory (ABCT). It argues that the stability-efficiency thesis under CBS poses a paradox for two main reasons. First, central banks' interest rate handling causes business cycles, yielding the intertemporal discoordination of the money and goods markets. Second, a central bank's lender-of-last-resort role is an incentive to call for further interest rate handling, making the chance of smooth business cycles difficult or impossible. This paradox is empirically analyzed and discussed through the True Money Supply (TMS) performance in the United States's business cycle phases between 1975 and 2022. Consistent with the ABCT, the research results unlock the paradox by showing that CBS causes business cycles. Some policy implications are outlined for further research and revision of monetary theory.
Libertad económica y desarrollo en Chile: ¿El fin de una modernización acelerada?
(2023) Paniagua, Pablo; Órdenes, Patricio
El presente ensayo analiza la evolución histórica de la libertad económica en Chile para el período 1970-2018. A la luz de la evidencia, se presentan tres períodos de marcadas diferencias para Chile: la «gran expansión de las libertades económicas» (1980-1995), la «consolidación de las libertades económicas» (1995-2009) y el «estancamiento y declive de las libertades económicas» (2010-2018). El ensayo argumenta que la velocidad de expansión y posterior estancamiento de las libertades económicas en Chile esta relacionada con su exitoso proceso de crecimiento y su actual atrofia. El ensayo además utiliza el caso chileno como ilustración para hacer un punto clave en la teoría del desarrollo económico, al evidenciar que la relación entre instituciones y crecimiento ocurre a través de la velocidad con la cual se expanden las libertades económicas en el tiempo y no necesariamente a través de un proceso tecnocrático y planificado. Esta relación entre instituciones y crecimiento económico, vía una expansión generalizada de las libertades económicas, no ha sido reconocida por la literatura. La evidencia para Chile sugiere que la presencia de instituciones que promuevan dinámicamente altos grados de libertad económica es una condición sine qua non a fin de lograr tasas de crecimiento sostenibles en el largo plazo.
James Buchanan y la elección pública: implicancias para la economía y la filosofía política
(2023) Paniagua, Pablo
Este ensayo analiza las tres premisas de la teoría de la elección pública a través del pensamiento del Premio Nobel James Buchanan. Primero, se exploran los tres principios orientadores de la elección pública, mediante el trabajo contractualista de Buchanan: el individualismo metodológico, la simetría del comportamiento y la política como procesos de intercambio. Posteriormente, se examina en detalle las tres principales implicancias económicas, políticas y filosóficas que se pueden derivar de dicha visión analítica. El ensayo concluye señalando que —desde el paradigma contractualista de Buchanan— se obtienen ciertos conceptos decisivos e implicancias teóricas originales que generan nuevas categorías filosóficas y políticas acerca del rol de los economistas y de un orden social pluralista, compatibles con la democracia liberal y con la asociación.
Complexity defying macroeconomics
(2023) Paniagua, Pablo
This article contributes to the literature on complexity and macroeconomic models by exploring the analytical relationship and tensions between complex phenomena and macroeconomics. By evaluating the properties of organised complexity, this article suggests alternative strategies for analysing the macroeconomy. Drawing on F. A. Hayek’s notion of organised complexity, I examine how its causal properties relate to the analytical criteria and assumptions that contemporary macroeconomic models use. The purpose is twofold: first, I associate the properties of complexity to the idea of the macroeconomy as an emergent totality arising from the causal interplay between individuals and the organising structure. This conceptually challenges modern macro and frames analytical tensions between complexity and macroeconomic analysis. Second, introducing complexity facilitates breaking away from current analytical and conceptual straitjackets in macroeconomics. Economic inquiry requires looking for alternative ways beyond standard models to analyse the macroeconomy as an emergent totality. This suggests stepping away from current formalistic methods and radical reductionism, in favour of unconventional strategies and approaches that are sensitive to rules, structures, and the causal properties of organised complexity.
On the nature and structure of externalities
(2023) Paniagua, Pablo; Rayamajhee, Veeshan
This paper contributes to the literature on externalities and their classification by reconciling insights from transaction costs theory with James Buchanan’s and Elinor Ostrom’s analyses of property rights and institutional diversity. We critique the dominant Pigouvian analysis, which assumes only two forms of institutions—namely, governments and private markets—that can internalize externalities. We develop a new taxonomy of externalities that provides relevant conceptual space for a wide array of institutions that the market-versus-state dichotomy obscures. The proposed taxonomy considers two key classes of often-conflated attributes: (1) the scale of externalities, and (2) the assignability, enforceability, and tradability of property rights. This approach enriches the Coasean (transaction cost) perspective by allowing us to unbundle transaction costs in a manner that extends its applicability to nonmarket situations in which market-based transactions are either not permitted or technically infeasible. Thus, by integrating insights from two distinct Public Choice schools, we broaden the theory of externalities to not only encompass market exchanges but also to incorporate cases in which property rights are, and will remain, unclear. We conclude that institutional diversity can offer adaptable solutions to tackle medium- and large-scale externalities.

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