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Browsing by Author "Ponce Oliva, Roberto"

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A comparison of mixed logit and latent class models to estimate market segments for seafood faced with ocean acidification
(2022) Campos-Requena, Nelyda; Fernández, Francisco; Vásquez-Lavín, Felipe; Barrientos, Manuel; Gelcich, Stefan; Ponce Oliva, Roberto
This study uses a choice experiment to characterize market segments (consumer preferences heterogeneity) based on three attributes of seafood (mussels) that are affected by ocean acidification: shell appearance, meat color, and nutritional composition. Using a sample of 1,257 individuals from two main cities in Chile, we estimate both the Mixed Logit model and the Latent Class model. We use the individual-specific posterior (ISP) parameters ’distribution to categorize consumers’ heterogeneity based on the signs and intensity (i.e., like or dislike dimension) of these ISPs. We compare the pattern of preferences and whether people are classified within the same preference pattern in both models. In general, we observed that the models identify a different number of segments with various patterns of preferences. Moreover, the models classify the same people into different groups. Since the segmentation is sensitive to the chosen model, we discuss strengths, inconsistencies, biases, and best practices regarding methodological approaches to establishing market segments in choice experiments and future ocean acidification conditions
Advancing toward water security: addressing governance failures through a metagovernance of modes approach
(2022) Julio, Natalia; Figueroa, Ricardo; Ponce Oliva, Roberto
Water security (WS) is a desirable goal of ensuring a sufcient quantity and quality of water for life-supporting processesand the development of society. However, achieving WS is a complex challenge that must be addressed in an integrated andinterdisciplinary way. Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) could be a means to achieve WS if it is supported by thedevelopment of an appropriate adaptive governance process that emphasizes more collaborative and coordinated actions andrecognizes river basins as complex social-ecological systems. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between WS and thehybrid conceptualization of hierarchical, market and network governance, namely metagovernance of modes. Here the threegovernance modes are best coordinated by a public metagovernor, who is a key actor in avoiding typical governance failures,helping it become an efective approach to implement adaptive river basin management. The context-specifc attribute ofmetagovernance of modes, and the situationally optimal mixtures that it provides, seem to make it the most suitable alterna-tive to deal with complexity, uncertainty and constant change. We propose that social-ecological components and processesin river basins must be integrated through sound combinations of these three governance modes, which could determine theadoption of a specifc adaptive management instrument, according to the problem to be solved. Further research is neededto understand how metagovernors could achieve better coordination and how to best address context-specifc interventionstrategies
Distributional impacts of climate change on basin communities: an integrated modeling approach
(2017) Ponce Oliva, Roberto; Fernández, Francisco; Stehr, Alejandra; Vásquez Lavín, Felipe; Godoy Faúndez, Alex
Agriculture is one of the most vulnerable economic sectors to the impacts of climate change, specifically those related with expected changes in water availability. By using a hydro-economic model, this study assesses the distributional impacts of climate change, considering the geographical location of each farmer’s community and the spatial allocation of water resources at basin scale. A hydrological model, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool model, describes the basin hydrology, while farmers’ economic responses are represented using a non-linear agricultural supply model. We simulated a reduction in both water endowment—by perturbing the hydrologic model with a regionalized climate change scenario—and agricultural yields, in order to assess the behavior of farmers’ communities. We also assessed the effectiveness of a water policy aimed at decreasing the vulnerability of farmers’ communities to climate change. At the aggregated level we found relatively small impacts, consistent with the existent literature. However, we found large distributive impacts among both farmer’s communities and agricultural activities. The water policy showed to be effective to reduce those impacts, but our results suggest the existence of unwanted effects on rainfed agriculture, as in some communities the level of income decreases when the policy is implemented.
Do Immigrants Increase Crime? Spatial Analysis in a Middle-Income Country
(2020) Leiva, Mauricio; Vásquez Lavín, Felipe; Ponce Oliva, Roberto
The last decade has seen a significant global increase in immigration. This large growth has caused an increasing opposition to immigration in local populations in many parts of the world, partly because of a commonly held belief that immigration increases crime. Using data from Chile, spanning 10 years, from 2005 to 2015, we analyze the relationship between immigration and crime through a dynamic Spatial Durbin Model (SDM), which accounts for the possible bias for omitted variables. As the spatial model is dynamic and based on panel data, it is possible to identify direct and indirect effects on both the short- (the same period) and long-term (next period) bases. Our results show that there is no statistical evidence to link an increase in the number of immigrants to a rise in the rate of any type of crime. If any, we found a negative relationship between the number of immigrants and crime for only one out of the eight crime types analyzed.
Efecto de la variabilidad climática sobre la demanda de agua para uso residencial urbano: el caso de la ciudad de Manizales, Colombia
(2017) Jiménez, Darío F.; Vásquez, Felipe A.; Orrego, Sergio A.; Cossio, Daniel M.; Ponce Oliva, Roberto
Un modelo estructural consistente con la teoría de la utilidad se usó para derivar funciones de demanda de agua para uso residencial urbano en la ciudad de Manizales, Colombia. Características del hogar y la vivienda recolectadas en una encuesta, así como información de precio, ingreso, precipitación y una variable dummy para indicar si el mes correspondía a la fase cálida de El Niño, se incluyeron en la estimación econométrica de la demanda de agua para uso residencial urbano. Los resultados sugieren que la variabilidad climática, específicamente el fenómeno El Niño, influencia de manera positiva el consumo de agua. Los resultados de esta investigación constituyen información valiosa para la adopción de políticas y regulación del recurso agua en países en desarrollo, especialmente, en áreas urbanas y en situaciones en las que la oferta de agua podría reducirse por variabilidad climática asociada a la ocurrencia de El Niño.
Embedding effect and the consequences of advanced disclosure: evidence from the valuation of cultural goods
(2020-06) Carrasco Garcés, Moisés; Vásquez Lavín, Felipe; Ponce Oliva, Roberto; Bustamante Oporto, Luis; Barrientos, Manuel; Cerda, Arcadio A.
This study revisits the embedding effect, a long-standing problem in the nonmarket valuation literature. The embedding effect was a popular research topic during the 1990s, especially following the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska. It has resurfaced after a special issue of The Journal of Economic Perspectives in 2012 in which Jerry Hausmann asserts that among the three long-standing problems with contingent valuation, the embedding effect is the most challenging. In this study, we focus on how information disclosure regarding the nested structure of goods affects both the willingness to pay and the presence of the embedding effect. Our results suggest that the level of embedding can be reduced with a more complete description of the nested structure of the goods under valuation. Therefore, it is highly important for each valuation study to test whether sufficient information is provided on the goods’ nested structure to ensure that the relationships among the goods’ subsets are correctly understood by respondents. We show that by providing respondents with more high-quality information, it is possible to mitigate the embedding effect.
Estimating discount rates for environmental goods: Are People’s responses inadequate to frequency of payments?
(2021) Vásquez Lavín, Felipe; Carrasco, Moisés; Barrientos, Manuel; Gelcich, Stefan; Ponce Oliva, Roberto
Most stated preference studies estimate discount rates using a split-sample approach. Each sample faces a different payment frequency (for instance, 1, 5, 10) together with a randomly assigned bid vector; both the frequency of payments and the bid are fixed for a specific individual. This paper evaluates whether allowing respondents to choose their preferred payment frequency affects the estimated discount rate. We use data from a contingent valuation survey of a network of marine reserves and estimate discount rates using both an exogenous and endogenous approach. The former calculates the mean of the willingness to pay (WTP) for each sample and then finds the discount rate that makes the present value of each payment frequency equivalent. The latter estimates theWTP and the discount rate jointly. Results show that allowing people to choose the payment schedule significantly reduces the implicit discount rate. We observed the highest reductions in discount rates when we used all the information available from the valuation questions to bound theWTP distribution. Our analysis suggests that the exogenous approach would not be recommended for testing the adequacy of people’s responses to the frequency of payments.
Estimating the implicit discount rate for new technology adoption of wood-burning stoves
(2021) Carrasco-Garcés, Moisés; Vásquez Lavín, Felipe; Ponce Oliva, Roberto; Díaz Pincheira, Francisco; Barrientos, Manuel
In the last decade, there have been several initiatives to incentivize Efficient Energy Technologies (EET) to reduce air pollution caused by wood-burning in developing countries. More efficient woodstoves can improve health, reduce family expenditures, CO2 emissions, and forest degradation. Despite these benefits, there is low level of adoption of EETs. This paper contributed to the literature in three ways. First, it estimates the implicit discount rate (IDR) used by individuals to decide whether to adopt EET using exponential and hyperbolic specifications. Second, it includes sociodemographic characteristics in the definition of the IDR. Third, it evaluates how the adoption curve changes by different policy designs. Since the interest rate is part of the policy design, comparing the interest rate and the IDR is relevant to increasing adoption. Our monthly estimated IDR is between 1.7% and 5.4% with a significant overlap with market interest rate. The IDR is affected by the perception of the future economic situation, trust in environmental authorities, happiness, and gender. We found that using an interest rate lower than the IDR increases the probability of adoption significantly. An understanding of the effects of copayments, payment frequencies, and difference between interest rates and IDR is needed to maximize adoption.
Evaluación Económica de un Proyecto de Transferencia de Agua en Chile
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Ingeniería, 2021-03) Sánchez, Fernanda; Ponce Oliva, Roberto
El objetivo de esta investigación es realizar una evaluación de un proyecto genérico de trasvase de agua en la zona central de Chile. Esto, con el fin de evaluar los efectos redistributivos de este tipo de proyectos en la industria agrícola, y de cuestionar que este sean una solución viable para nuestro país. Para ello, se creó un proyecto hipotético que trasvasa agua desde la sub-cuenca del río Vergara, hasta la provincia de Cardenal Caro, que se simuló bajo 3 escenarios: el actual, sin el proyecto; con proyecto bajo las condiciones actuales; y con proyecto proyectado al año 2045, considerando los efectos de cambio climático. La metodología implementada fue un modelo de optimización lineal hidro-económico, que combina los impactos físicos de las alteraciones en la disponibilidad de agua, con la capacidad de respuesta económica de los agricultores. Su función objetivo es maximizar las ganancias totales, sujeto a restricciones hidrológicas, agrónomas e institucionales. Los resultados obtenidos indican que, si bien las ganancias totales y de la provincia de Cardenal Caro aumentan, son en detrimento de la cuenca del río Vergara. Bajo condiciones actuales, las ganancias totales aumentaron un 5,12%, asociado a 1352,16 km3 de agua trasvasada. Ante los efectos del cambio climático, con el tiempo el aumento de las ganancias se redujo a 3,81% y el volumen trasvasado se contrajo en un 35,14%. La ejecución del proyecto implicó cambios en el patrón productivo de ambas cuencas, alterando las hectáreas sembradas, producción y los ingresos de cada comuna. Sobre esto, cabe destacar que el modelo no considera el factor sociocultural en la toma de decisiones de los agricultores, por lo que, sumado a la extrapolación de los resultados de operación de otros proyectos en el mundo, se concluyó que la implementación de un proyecto así en Chile podría generar una reducción en sus beneficios inicialmente proyectados y costos irreparables tanto sociales, económicos como ambientales.
Exploring Dual Discount Rates for Ecosystem Services: Evidence from a Marine Protected Area Network
(2019) Vásquez Lavín, Felipe; Ponce Oliva, Roberto; Hernández, José Ignacio; Gelcich, Stefan; Carrasco, Moisés; Quiroga, Miguel
This paper presents a joint estimation of the willingness to pay for conservation activities aimed at preserving the flow of ecosystem services provided by a marine protected area network and respondents’ personal discount rate using a contingent valuation survey. This work contributes to the literature on identifying people’s discount rates by moving beyond the use of the exponential schemes to include a hyperbolic discount rate through variations in the timing and duration of the provision of public goods. We present evidence that different discounting processes are associated with different programs, which depend on the type of ecosystem services under protection, including seed banks and biodiversity conservation for tourism activities. The results show the importance of using decreasing discounting (hyperbolic discounting) for projects aimed at preserving biodiversity for tourism activities. Using exponential discounting undervalues the net benefits associated with tourism by 23%, thus affecting projects’ cost-benefit analyses. These results are crucial for informing the design of marine conservation programs by clarifying the relationships among conservation project goals, the discounting used, and the relevant lifetime project assessment.
Exploring typologies of artisanal mussel seed producers in southern Chile
(2018) Fernández, Francisco J.; Ponce Oliva, Roberto; Vásquez Lavín, Felipe; Figueroa, Yanina; Gelcich, Stefan; Dresdner, Jorge
Aquaculture is one of the most dynamic food production systems in the world, with a fast expansion, especially in developing countries. Among this sector, the Chilean mussel industry has experienced a substantial increase, turning Chile into one of the leading producers and global exporters of mussels. Among the different links in the mussel production chain, the natural seed collection conducted by artisanal fishers of southern Chile has been a fundamental pillar for the development of the industry. Often, this sub-sector has been thought of as a homogeneous group, with similar responses to different challenges and public policies. However, this is likely an unrealistic assumption, making it necessary to understand the complexity of the local context and the heterogeneity of producer groups within the territory. Using surveys and multivariate statistical analysis, we explore typologies of artisanal mussel seed producers in southern Chile. The results proposed four seed producer entrepreneur typologies associated mainly with socioeconomic features and their interactions with the environment. These variables explain heterogeneity in organizational structures and equipment. Spatial location and environmental conditions are important factors that directly or indirectly influence the fishers' investment in equipment and sales contracts. Our findings suggest that seed producer heterogeneity should be considered when designing, implementing, and providing policy incentives to support sustainable mussel aquaculture. Our results identified groups of fishers whose entrepreneurship capacity is vulnerable to environmental and market changes, informing future needs for technical assistance and support.
Firewood Certification Programs: Key Attributes and Policy Implications.
(2019) Vásquez Lavín, Felipe; Barrientos, Manuel; Castillo, Alvaro; Herrera, Iván; Ponce Oliva, Roberto
Evidence from south-central Chile shows that the concentration limits for PM10 and PM2.5, defined by both the World Health Organization and national standards, are systematically exceeded, affecting approximately 10 million people. Among the sources of this pollution, firewood use accounts for the largest share. This study assesses whether consumers value environmental, social, and legal attributes associated with the firewood certification programs. We used a discrete choice model based on a sample of 500 households. According to our results, the price premium for certified firewood is about 10% in the most likely scenario, with those attributes closely related to private benefits having a higher value, compared to those of social benefits. We identify significant heterogeneity among respondents belonging to two different consumer classes: 1) those who are less price sensitive and are willing to pay for attributes related to certification; 2) those who are sensitive to prices and are not willing to pay for attributes related to certification. Since the second class includes about 46% of the sample, the implementation of certification programs could be jeopardized. Therefore, knowing this information helps us determine whether a certification system can foster the firewood industry transition to a more sustainable model.
Firms adaptation to climate change through product innovation
(2022) Ponce Oliva, Roberto; Huaman, Joana; Vásquez-Lavín, Felipe; Barrientos, Manuel; Stefan Gelcich, Stefan
Climate change will impose high costs on different societal actors, including firms and organizations, forcing them to adapt to this new situation. Although the relevance of implementing adaptation strategies is widely recognized, studies on firms' adaptation to climate change are still in their infancy, especially regarding small and medium enterprises. Following a multi-stage approach, we analyze how small and medium enterprises in the marine food industry could adapt to climate-induced ocean acidification through product innovation. First, we use a co-production process with the firms' representatives to gain insights into the industry's adaptation opportunities, in which product innovation arises as the preferred strategy. Second, using a Discrete Choice Experiment, we test if consumers value both the mussels' attributes likely affected by ocean acidification (sensory and nutritional) and the proposed new products developed to adapt to it. We also analyze preferences' heterogeneity through a latent class model. Our results show that consumers value the attributes potentially affected by ocean acidification. We found high heterogeneity in consumer preferences regarding product types, disentangled into two classes (non-innovative consumers and consumers willing to innovate). We suggest that the industry could base its adaptation strategy on two pillars: 1) maintain the traditional format, thus satisfying 21% of the market (non-innovative consumers); 2) direct the innovation efforts towards the canned format, thus satisfying those consumers willing to innovate (79% of the market). Although consumers willing to innovate are prone to try new formats, the preferred alternatives are not radical innovations.
Functional forms and price elasticities in a discrete continuous choice model of the residential water demand
(2017) Vásquez Lavín, Felipe; Hernández, J. I.; Ponce Oliva, Roberto; Orrego, S. A.
During recent decades, water demand estimation has gained considerable attention from scholars. From an econometric perspective, the most used functional forms include log-log and linear specifications. Despite the advances in this field and the relevance for policymaking, little attention has been paid to the functional forms used in these estimations, and most authors have not provided justifications for their selection of functional forms. A discrete continuous choice model of the residential water demand is estimated using six functional forms (log-log, full-log, log-quadratic, semilog, linear, and Stone-Geary), and the expected consumption and price elasticity are evaluated. From a policy perspective, our results highlight the relevance of functional form selection for both the expected consumption and price elasticity Plain Language Summary During recent decades, water demand estimation has gained considerable attention from scholars. From an econometric perspective, the most used functional forms include logarithmic and linear specifications. Despite the advances in this field and the relevance for policymaking, little attention has been paid to the functional forms used in these estimations, and most authors have not provided justifications for their selection of functional forms. A discrete continuous choice model of the residential water demand is estimated using six functional forms, and the expected consumption and price elasticity are evaluated. From a policy perspective, our results highlight the relevance of functional form selection for both the expected consumption and price elasticity.
Gaps, biases, and future directions in research on the impacts of anthropogenic land-use change on aquatic ecosystems: a topic-based bibliometric analysis
(2021) Muñoz, Manuel; Fernández, Francisco J.; Ponce Oliva, Roberto; Vásquez Lavín, Felipe; Gelcich, Stefan
Anthropogenic land use change (ALUC) satisfies human needs but also impacts aquatic ecosystems. Aquatic ecosystems are intrinsically linked with terrestrial landscapes, an association that is already recognized as a key factor to address future research and effective governance. However, the complexity and range of the impact of ALUC in aquatic ecosystems have been fundamental challenges and have implicitly routed the analysis to particular segments, drivers, management, or effects of the theme. In this study, we present an attempt to frame the subject in a broader context through a topic-based bibliometric analysis. Our aim is to identify possible biases and gaps in the current scientific literature and detect the main topics that have characterized the theme. Our results show an unequal distribution of articles by country when we analyzed the authors’ affiliation and also a slight increase in contributions from social and economic disciplines, although they are still underrepresented. Moreover, we distinguish topics whose prevalence seems to change, especially those topics where the use of scenario analysis and multistressors are considered. We discuss the main biases and gaps revealed by our results, concluding that future studies on the impact of ALUC on aquatic ecosystems should better integrate social and economic disciplines and expand geographic frontiers
Implications of climate change for semi-arid dualistic agriculture: a case study in Central Chile
(2019) Fernández, Francisco J.; Blanco, María; Ponce Oliva, Roberto; Vásquez-Lavín, Felipe; Roco, Lisandro
The nexus between climate change, agriculture, and poverty has become a major topic of concern, especially for dry regions, which represent a large share of the world’s population and ecosystems vulnerable to climate change. In spite of this, to date, few studies have examined the impacts of climate change on agriculture and the adaptation strategies of vulnerable farmers from emerging semi-arid regions with dualist agriculture, in which subsistence farms coexist with commercial farms. This study aims to assess the micro-level impact of climate change and the farm household adaptation strategies in a semi-arid region in Central Chile. To this end, we develop a modelling framework that allows for (1) the assessment of farm-household responses to both climate change effects and adaptation policy scenarios and (2) the identification of local capacities and adaptation strategies. Aggregated results indicate that climate change has a substantial economic impact on regional agricultural income, while the micro-level analysis shows that small-scale farm households are the most vulnerable group. We observe that household characteristics determine to a large extent the adaptation capacity, while an unexpected result indicates that off-farm labour emerges as a powerful option for adapting to climate change. As such, our approach is well suited for ex ante micro-level adaptation analysis and can thereby provide useful insights to guide smart climate policy-making
Linking social preferences and ocean acidifcation impacts in mussel aquaculture
(2019) San Martin, Valeska A.; Gelcich, Stefan; Vásquez Lavín, Felipe; Ponce Oliva, Roberto; Hernández, José I.; Lagos, Nelson A.; Birchenough, Silvana N.R.; Vargas, Cristian A.
Ocean Acidifcation (OA) has become one of the most studied global stressors in marine science during the last ffteen years. Despite the variety of studies on the biological efects of OA with marine commercial species, estimations of these impacts over consumers’ preferences have not been studied in detail, compromising our ability to undertake an assessment of market and economic impacts resulting from OA at local scales. Here, we use a novel and interdisciplinary approach to fll this gap. We experimentally test the impact of OA on commercially relevant physical and nutritional attributes of mussels, and then we use economic discrete choice models to assess the marginal efects of these impacts over consumers’ preferences and wellbeing. Results showed that attributes, which were signifcantly afected by OA, are also those preferred by consumers. Consumers are willing to pay on average 52% less for mussels with evidences of OA and are willing to increase the price they pay to avoid negative changes in attributes due to OA. The interdisciplinary approach developed here, complements research conducted on OA by efectively informing how OA economic impacts can be analyzed under the lens of marginal changes in market price and consumer’ welfare. Thereby, linking global phenomena to consumers’ wellbeing, and shifting the focus of OA impacts to assess the efects of local vulnerabilities in a wider context of people and businesses.
Mapping Firms' adaptive profiles: The role of experiences and risk perception in the aquaculture industry
(2023) Fernández , Francisco J.; Muñoz, Manuel; Ponce Oliva, Roberto; Vásquez-Lavín, Felipe; Gelcich, Stefan
The experiences of aquacultural firms regarding past environmental events and their present risk perceptions of environmental and social threats are key factors in understanding their adaptive response. This study aims to understand marine aquaculture firms' adaptive behavior considering firms' heterogeneity and the relationship between past experiences, present perceptions, and willingness to invest in adaptation. We identify different adaptation behavior profiles among the aquacultural firms, showing heterogeneity regarding firms' past responses to perturbations, risk perceptions of social and environmental factors, and their future behavior regarding their willingness to invest in adaptation. We conclude that an adaptive profile, based not only on economic and productive features but also on their social behavior regarding environmental threats, influences future adaptive behavior. Implications for management practice and policy are discussed.
Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis for Renewable Energies: Research Trends, Gaps and the Challenge of Improving Participation
(2021) Estévez, Rodrigo A.; Espinoza, Valeria; Ponce Oliva, Roberto; Vásquez Lavín, Felipe; Gelcich, Stefan
The global increase in renewable energy initiatives has been followed by the need to include the social impact of any project as a core element. Significant challenges for renewable energy development include uncertainty in assessing social impacts at local scales, participation and social acceptance. Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) approaches have been widely used in energy planning to address these challenges. This article reviews how social criteria and participation mechanisms have been incorporated into decision-making processes for renewable energy projects. A total of 184 articles were analyzed. A total of 490 indicators that estimated social impacts were identified and organized into nine criteria: employment, social acceptance, social development, health impact, governance, visual impact, knowledge and awareness, cultural value and social justice. Most research included analytical hierarchy process methodologies, and the articles were geographically concentrated in Asia and Europe. Most articles included a participative component (92.3%), and the majority of them were based on expert consultation (75.4%). Of the articles that exclusively considered experts, almost 40% did not provide any description of the expert elicitation process. Results revealed advances in the use of MCDA but highlighted important challenges—related to improving expert consultation methodologies and broadening the participation of stakeholders—when developing renewable energy initiatives and policies.
Nexus Thinking at River Basin Scale: Food, Water and Welfare
(2021) Ponce Oliva, Roberto; Fernández, Francisco J.; Vásquez Lavín, Felipe; Arias Montevechio, Esteban; Julio, Natalia; Stehr, Alejandra
Water resources face an unparalleled confluence of pressures, with agriculture and urban growth as the most relevant human-related stressors. In this context, methodologies using a Nexus framework seem to be suitable to address these challenges. However, the urban sector has been commonly ignored in the Nexus literature. We propose a Nexus framework approach, considering the economic dimensions of the interdependencies and interconnections among agriculture (food production) and the urban sector as water users within a common basin. Then, we assess the responses of both sectors to climatic and demographic stressors. In this setting, the urban sector is represented through an economic water demand at the household level, from which economic welfare is derived. Our results show that the Nexus components here considered (food, water, and welfare) will be negatively affected under the simulated scenarios. However, when these components are decomposed to their particular elements, we found that the less water-intensive sector—the urban sector—will be better off since food production will leave significant amounts of water available. Moreover, when addressing uncertainty related to climate-induced shocks, we could identify the basin resilience threshold. Our approach shows the compatibilities and divergences between food production and the urban sector under the Nexus framework.

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