Browsing by Author "Moreno-Switt, Andrea I."
Now showing 1 - 5 of 5
Results Per Page
Sort Options
Item Antimicrobial resistance in wildlife and in the built environment in a wildlife rehabilitation center(2021) Baros Jorquera, Carla; Moreno-Switt, Andrea I.; Sallaberry Pincheira, Nicole; Munita, José; Flores Navarro, Camila; Tardone, Rodolfo; González-Rocha, Gerardo; Singer, Randall S.; Bueno, IreneInjured and orphaned wildlife are often brought to Wildlife Rehabilitation Centers (WRC) to be cared for by professionals to ultimately be released back to their natural habitats. In these centers, animals may spend months and frequently receive prolonged antibiotic therapy. Therefore, WRC may play a role in the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The goal of this study was to investigate the presence and antibiotic resistance profiles of Gram-negative bacteria with reduced susceptibility to cephalosporins in both the wildlife admitted to a WRC and in the WRC built environment in Chile. A cross-sectional study was conducted sampling animals undergoing rehabilitation (n =64) and the WRC environment (n =160). Isolated bacterial species were identified with MALDI-TOF, and antimicrobial susceptibility determined using the disk diffusion method. Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae were the dominant bacterial families among the environ-mental (n =78) and animal (n =31) isolates. For Enterobacteriaceae, isolates of the most abundant species (E. coli) were classified into 20 antibiotic resistance profiles, with eight of those isolates being resistant to more than nine antibiotics, including imipenem. Isolates of the Pseudomonadaceae family identified 11 isolates with resistance to antibiotics such as carbapenems and quinolones. Even though a cluster analysis based on antibiotic resistance patterns did not show a clear overlap between environmental and animal isolates, it is important to highlight the identification of isolates resistant to carbapenems, which is very relevant from a public health perspective. Further, numerous antibiotic resistance profiles were observed in different bacterial species, indi-cating not only environmental contamination with a wide diversity of bacteria, but also a wide diversity of resistant bacteria in animals at the WRC. The approach taken by sampling animals and their hospital environ-ment can be useful in understanding AMR dynamics in wildlife rehabilitation settings, as well as the potential dissemination of AMR into the natural environment. 1. Introduction The interconnectedness between humans, animals, and the natural environment (otherwise known as One Health) is key in understanding and mitigating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) given that resistant bacteria and resistance genes have the ability to move between these * Corresponding author at: Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108. United States. E-mail address: bueno004@umn.edu (I. Bueno). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect One Health journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/onehlt https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100298 Received 29 April 2021; Received in revised form 22 July 2021; Accepted 26 July 2021Item Antimicrobial resistance in wildlife and in the built environment in a wildlife rehabilitation center(2021) Baros Jorquera, Carla; Moreno-Switt, Andrea I.; Sallaberry Pincheira, Nicole; Munita, José; Flores Navarro, Camila; Tardone, Rodolfo; González-Rocha, Gerardo; Singer, Randall S.; Bueno, IreneInjured and orphaned wildlife are often brought to Wildlife Rehabilitation Centers (WRC) to be cared for by professionals to ultimately be released back to their natural habitats. In these centers, animals may spend months and frequently receive prolonged antibiotic therapy. Therefore, WRC may play a role in the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The goal of this study was to investigate the presence and antibiotic resistance profiles of Gram-negative bacteria with reduced susceptibility to cephalosporins in both the wildlife admitted to a WRC and in the WRC built environment in Chile. A cross-sectional study was conducted sampling animals undergoing rehabilitation (n =64) and the WRC environment (n =160). Isolated bacterial species were identified with MALDI-TOF, and antimicrobial susceptibility determined using the disk diffusion method. Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae were the dominant bacterial families among the environ-mental (n =78) and animal (n =31) isolates. For Enterobacteriaceae, isolates of the most abundant species (E. coli) were classified into 20 antibiotic resistance profiles, with eight of those isolates being resistant to more than nine antibiotics, including imipenem. Isolates of the Pseudomonadaceae family identified 11 isolates with resistance to antibiotics such as carbapenems and quinolones. Even though a cluster analysis based on antibiotic resistance patterns did not show a clear overlap between environmental and animal isolates, it is important to highlight the identification of isolates resistant to carbapenems, which is very relevant from a public health perspective. Further, numerous antibiotic resistance profiles were observed in different bacterial species, indi-cating not only environmental contamination with a wide diversity of bacteria, but also a wide diversity of resistant bacteria in animals at the WRC. The approach taken by sampling animals and their hospital environ-ment can be useful in understanding AMR dynamics in wildlife rehabilitation settings, as well as the potential dissemination of AMR into the natural environment.Item Higher Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant Enterobacterales in Dogs Attended for Enteric Viruses in Brazil Before and After Treatment with Cephalosporins(2021) Salgado-Caxito, Marília; Moreno-Switt, Andrea I.; Paes, Antonio Carlos; Shiva, Carlos; Munita, José; Rivas, Lina; Benavides, Julio A.The extensive use of antibiotics is a leading cause for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among dogs. However, the impact of using antibiotics to treat viral infections on AMR remains unknown. In this study, we compared the prevalence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales (ESCR-E) between dogs with a suspected infection of canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine distemper (CDV) before and after treatment with third-generation cephalosporins. We found a higher prevalence of ESCR-E faecal carriage in dogs suspected of CPV (37%) and CDV (15%) compared to dogs with noninfectious pathologies (9%) even prior to the start of their treatment. A 7-day course of ceftriaxone or ceftiofur administrated to CPV and CDV-suspected dogs substantially increased their ESCR-E faecal carriage during treatment (85% for CPV and 57% for CDV), and 4 weeks after the treatment ended (89% for CPV and 60% for CDV) when dogs were back in their households. Most of the observed resistance was carried by ESCR-E. coli carrying blaCTX-M genes. Our results suggest the need to optimize prophylactic antibiotic therapy in dogs treated for a suspected viral infection to prevent ESCR-E emergence and spread in the communityItem Perspective on Clinically-Relevant Antimicrobial Resistant Enterobacterales in Food: Closing the Gaps Using Genomics(2021) Díaz-Gavidia, Constanza; Álvarez, Francisca P.; Munita, José; Cortés, Sandra; Moreno-Switt, Andrea I.Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most important public health concerns—it causes 700,000 deaths annually according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Enterobacterales such as E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, have become resistant to many relevant antimicrobials including carbapenems and extended spectrum cephalosporins. These clinically relevant resistant Enterobacterales (CRRE) members are now globally distributed in the environment including different food types (meats, produce, dairy). Unlike known foodborne pathogens, CRRE are not usually part of most food surveillance systems. However, numerous reports of CRRE highlight the importance of these bacteria in food and have been shown to contribute to the overall crisis of antimicrobial resistance. This is especially important in the context of carriage of these pathogens by immuno-compromised individuals. CRRE infections upon consumption of contaminated food could colonize the human gastrointestinal tract and eventually be a source of systemic infections such as urinary tract infections or septicemia. While different aspects need to be considered to elucidate this, whole genome sequencing along with metadata could be used to understand genomic relationships of CRRE obtained from foods and humans, including isolates from clinical infections. Once robust scientific data is available on the role of CRRE in food, countries could move forward to better survey and control CRRE in food.Item Risk factors associated with faecal carriage of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli among dogs in Southeast Brazil(2021) Salgado-Caxito, Marília; Benavides, Julio A.; Munita, José; Rivas, Lina; García, Patricia; Listoni, Fernando J. P.; Paes, Antonio C.; Moreno-Switt, Andrea I.Faecal carriage of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli (ESC-R E. coli) in dogs has been reported worldwide and can reduce the effectiveness of treatments against bacterial infections. However, the drivers that influence faecal carriage of ESC-R E. coli in dogs are poorly understood. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of ESC-R E. coli among dogs prior to their admission to a veterinary teaching hospital and to identify risk factors associated with the faecal carriage of ESC-R E. coli. Rectal swabs (n = 130) were collected from dogs and screened for ESC-R E. coli using MacConkey agar supplemented with cefotaxime (2 μg/mL). E. coli species was confirmed by MALDI-TOF and screening of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes was conducted by multiplex PCR. Questionnaires were completed by each dog's owner to test several human and dog characteristics associated with ESC-R E. coli. The prevalence of faecal carriage of ESC-R E. coli was 9.2 % and 67 % of ESC-R E. coli isolates harboured ESBL genes including CTX-M alone or in combination with TEM. All ESC-R E. coli isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone, cefpodoxime, and cefotaxime and were susceptible to cefoxitin and carbapenems. The likelihood of carrying ESC-R E. coli was 15 times higher (OR = 14.41 [95 % CI: 1.80-38.02], p < 0.01) if the dog was treated with antibiotics 3-12 months prior to sampling and 8 times higher (OR = 7.96 [95 % CI: 2.96-92.07], p < 0.01) if the dog had direct contact with livestock, but 15 times lower (OR = 0.07 [95 % CI: 0.01-0.32], p < 0.01) if the dog was dewormed during the previous year. Our findings confirm the faecal carriage of ESC-R E. coli in subclinical dogs and call for further investigation regarding the impact of deworming on antibiotic-resistant bacteria in companion animals.