Artículos Economía y Negocios

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Ambitious Entrepreneurship and Its Relationship with R&D Policy in Latin American Countries
(2021) Amorós, José Ernesto; Poblete Cazenave, Carlos; Mandakovic, Vesna
In this chapter, we explore how different R&D policies and related mechanisms are associated with high ambitions innovative entrepreneurship activities in the particular context of Latin America and the Caribbean. We use a longitudinal approach, with a multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression procedure. The data comes mainly from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) project, and the Global Competitiveness Index. The sample covers 14 countries from Latin America and the Caribbean between 2006–2017. The results provide empirical insights about the firm and individual characteristics that explain the likelihood of being an innovative and ambitious entrepreneur. We also find that narrowed policies in addition to an innovation-driven environment, also increase the creation of ambitious entrepreneurs. In this chapter, we discuss some implications for policymakers that want to enhance local entrepreneurial framework conditions.
Call for papers: Innovation and Entrepreneurship for Sustainability in Natural Resourse-Intensive Economies
(01/12/2013) Muñoz, Pablo; Kibler, Ewald; Amorós, José Ernesto; Parra, Soledad
Conducting Management Research in Latin America: Why and What’s in It for You?
(2020) Aguinis, Herman; Villamor, Isabel; Lazzarini, Sergio G.; Vassolo, Roberto S.; Amorós, José Ernesto; Allen, David G.
We make the case that conditions and timing are right and, despite some challenges, there are many benefits to conducting management research in Latin America. Some of these conditions include an upward trend in the productivity of Latin American researchers, increased collaboration between researchers in Latin America and those in other regions, and societal, cultural, and economic characteristics that make the region an ideal “natural laboratory” to build and test management theories. Demonstrating that our arguments are not just about potential but are founded in reality, we offer a selective summary of recent research conducted in Latin America that made important contributions to micro and macro management domains and theories. These include (a) leadership; (b) small and family businesses; (c) entrepreneurship; (d) social inclusiveness, inequity, and vulnerable populations; (e) strategy and competitive dynamics in natural resource industries; (f) strategy in unstable macroeconomic contexts; (g) public (industrial) policies and business development; (h) hybrid public-private collaborations; and (i) social enterprises and blended social and economic value creation. We also describe opportunities for future research in these domains. Finally, we offer practical and actionable advice on how to address typical challenges encountered when conducting management research in Latin America. Solutions apply to those residing inside and outside of Latin America and include, among others, identifying universities with a research-oriented career path, recognizing credible university rankings and their impact, and capitalizing on local contexts to generate high-quality research. We hope our article will serve as a catalyst for future management research in Latin America.
Determinants of early internationalization of new firms: the case of Chile
(2014) Amorós, José Ernesto; Basco, Rodrigo; Romani, Gianni
Determinants of early internationalization of new firms: the case of Chile
(2016) Amorós, José Ernesto; Basco, Rodrigo; Romaní, Gianni
The aim of this article is to analyze the factors related to the early internationalization of new firms in Chile. We grouped the internationalization driver factors into three categories: individual, organizational, and firm-environmental factors. Using a sample of 374 entrepreneurs from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data and performing a logistic regression model, we found that owner-manager’ high educational levels, opportunity-oriented motivation, new technology use, and activities related to extractive sectors (e.g., farming, forestry, fishing, and mining) contribute to a higher likelihood of early firm internationalizing. The implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Do employees’ generational cohorts influence corporate venturing? A multilevel analysis
(2021) Guerrero, Maribel; Amorós, José Ernesto; Urbano, David
Organizations are facing an interesting phenomenon in the composition of their workforce: the concurrence of multiple age generations that demand suitable strategies regarding work design, job satisfaction, and incentives. Ongoing entrepreneurship and strategic management debates require a better understanding of the relationship between workplace generational cohorts’ configurations and organizational performance. We propose a conceptual model for understanding how a diversified workforce influences some determinants (i.e., employees’ human capital and attitudes, organizational climate, and environmental conditions) of entrepreneurial organizations’ outcomes (i.e.corporate venturing). Our framework offers insights into corporate venturing determinants for three generational cohorts: Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y. Using a sample of 20,256 employees across 28 countries, our findings lend support to the positive effect of individual and organizational determinants on corporate venturing, as well as how these effects are reinforced per generational cohort. Specifically, our results show that younger generations (millennials) have more propensity to be involved in corporate venturing activities. This study also contributes to thoughtprovoking implications for entrepreneurial organizational leaders who manage employees from different generations.
Does entrepreneurship education change minds? A multinational analysis of mandatory and voluntary entrepreneurial training
(2016) Albornoz, Carlos; Amorós, José Ernesto
The second edition of Annals of Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy provides entirely new insights into a number of the leading issues surrounding the teaching of entrepreneurship and the building of entrepreneurship programs. Prepared under the auspices of the United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (USASBE), this book features fifteen scholarly perspectives on a range of entrepreneurship education issues.
Does gender matter for corporate entrepreneurship? A cross-countries study
(2023) Ruíz, Linda Elizabeth; Amorós, José Ernesto; Guerrero, Maribel
The accumulated knowledge about corporate entrepreneurship has provided a better understanding of its antecedents and consequences. Corporate entrepreneurship activities are strongly related to incremental, or disruptive innovation processes. However, academic debates demand a novel conceptual framework to understand the gendered workforce’s contribution to corporate entrepreneurship initiatives worldwide. This study hypothesizes that a gendered workforce has similar capabilities (skills, ability to detect opportunities and networks) to engage in corporate entrepreneurship. Therefore, any gender differences could be explained by the influence of country-level conditions (gender equality levels, culture, and social norms). We tested these hypotheses with a sample of 50,550 employees from 50 countries. Our results support these hypotheses extending the corporate entrepreneurship literature and provoking an interesting discussion to academics, managers, employees, and policymakers. Plain English Summary This research analyzes women employees that act as corporate entrepreneurs. To understand why some women (and men) undertake entrepreneurial endeavors inside established organizations, we inquire about factors like the role of gender, individual capabilities, and institutional factors such as inequality levels and culture that shape corporate entrepreneurship activities. Our main findings suggest that disparity between men and women (gender inequality) reduces the development of corporate entrepreneurship for women but also men. We also found there are differences in the activity between genders. We call to continue working to reduce gender inequalities, at the national and corporate level, and to those in charge of organizations to promote the entrepreneurial behavior of women and men.
Does triple helix collaboration matter for the early internationalisation of technology-based firms in emerging Economies?
(2021) Baier-Fuentes, Hugo; Guerrero, Maribel; Amorós, José Ernesto
Firms’ early internationalisation (EI) is a complex process derived from uncertain market conditions, entrepreneurial vision, and strategic entry decisions. Academic debates still require deepening and broadening the discussion on early internationalisation of new technology-based firms (NTBFs). This study proposes a framework to analyse how NTBFs are adopting collaborative networks with the triple helix actors (government, university, and industry) to implement an EI strategy in emerging economies. Our findings show that the lack of specialised knowledge and resources stimulates collaboration with multiple triple helix agents to ensure the early entry strategy into international markets. We state the relevant implications and propositions concerning the internationalisation of NTBFs and the relationship with triple helix stakeholders.
El proyecto Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM): una aproximación desde el contexto latinoamericano
(2011) Amorós, José Ernesto
This article provides an introduction to the special issue of Academia, Revista Latinoamericana de Administración dedicated to the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), project. As a region, the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean correspond to the second highest representation in GEM after Europe. The papers presented here are the result of studies that emphasize the Latin American context through the use of the GEM's conceptual framework and data. This introduction describes the GEM project, summarizes some key indicators for the region and analyses the contributions of these articles stressing the importance of systematic study of entrepreneurship in Latin America.
Entrepreneurial Intentions in the Context of a Natural Disaster
(2020) Bustamante, Carla; Poblete Cazenave, Carlos; Amorós, José Ernesto
This study advances the emerging stream of research on micro-level consequences of exogenous shocks, and how they shape individual functioning. Borrowing from the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991), our study explores the moderating effect of natural disasters on the well-studied relationship between entrepreneurship-oriented beliefs (behavioral, normative, and control beliefs), and entrepreneurial intentions. This study relies on data gathered by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, before and after the earthquake that took place in Chile on February 27th, 2010. While research suggest that exogenous shocks may change individual attitudes, our results show that natural disasters do not change but instead reinforce positive attitudes towards entrepreneurship; similarly, they also reinforce the relationship between perceived behavioral control and entrepreneurial intent. On the other hand, we found that subjective norms become less relevant in shaping entrepreneurial intentions after the occurrence of a natural disaster.
Entrepreneurial opportunities in peripheral versus core regions in Chile
(01/01/2013) Amorós, José Ernesto; Felzensztein, Christian; Gimmon, Eli
In this article, we estimated the value of a statistical life and the value of a statistical injury (VSI) for Chilean workers using a combination of data from the year 2006 from the Chilean National Socio-Economic Survey, which provides workers’ characteristics, and annual statistics from the Chilean Safety Association, which provide labor accident risk data. We estimated a hedonic log-wage equation taking into account of selection bias and endogeneity. The estimated value of a statistical life was US$4,625,958, which increased by almost a factor three after correcting for endogeneity (US$12,826,520). On the other hand, the estimated VSI was US$30,840. The uncorrected results were lower than the values reported by other authors for various developed countries, but greater than those estimated using indirect approaches for Chile.
Entrepreneurship and Socioeconomic indicators in Latin America
(2016) Amorós, José Ernesto; Borraz, Fernando; Veiga, Leonardo
This article examines the relationship between entrepreneurial activity and a set of economic variables including, gross domestic product, economic growth, unemployment, informality, corruption perceptions, macroeconomic stability, and labor regulations. We use panel data from nine Latin American countries covered by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor from 2000 to 2010. We focus on necessity-based entrepreneurship, as the rates of this type of activity are relatively high in Latin America. The results show that economic growth is positively related to opportunity-based entrepreneurship. Other factors such as inflation, informality, and transparency (versus corruption) are positively associated with higher rates of necessity-based entrepreneurship. Lines of future research and policy implications are discussed.
Entrepreneurship and subjective well-being: Does the motivation to start-up a firm matter?
(2021) Amorós, José Ernesto; Cristi, Oscar; Naudé, Wim
Although there have been many studies on the subjective well-being of entrepreneurs, these have compared entrepreneurs’ well-being with those of non-entrepreneurs, or with economic and firm performance, or attempted to identify the determinants their subjective well-being. So far there have been only limited attempts to compare the subjective well-being of differently motivated entrepreneurs. This paper is an attempt to contribute filling this gap. We explore the relationship between the motivation for entering into entrepreneurship and subjective well-being. We use data from the Global ntrepreneurship Monitor in 70 countries covering 159,274 individuals. Using a two-stage probit least squares estimator to test the relationship between motivation and subjective well-being, with particular concern for the direction of causality, we find that necessity-motivated entrepreneurs report well-being levels similar to opportunity-motivated entrepreneurs. We also find that in countries where necessity entrepreneurship is more prevalent (typically developing countries), lower rates of entrepreneurial entry will be associated with higher reported subjective well-being of the necessity-motivated entrepreneurs. The upshot of our findings is that entrepreneurship, even if motivated by necessity, contributes to subjective well-being.
Entrepreneurship in regions: differentiated impacts of the socio cultural and gender types
(2015) Mancilla, Claudio; Amorós, José Ernesto
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the differentiated impact of factors that influence the propensity to entrepreneur in a sample of people in Chile. A distinction is made between individuals that live in primary cities and secondary cities. The differentiating factors are socio-cultural aspects (reference models – positive examples of entrepreneurs – and perception of social fear of failure) and the gender of the individual. Design/methodology/approach – For the research data from the survey used in Chile by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor for the years 2010 and 2011 were used. A logit model was used to determine the differentiated impact of the analysed factors and interactions were done using the method proposed by Corneliaˆen and Sonderhof (2009). Findings – These showed that the fact that an individual lives in a secondary city decreases his entrepreneurship probability. The positive impact that the reference models have is weaker in women. Contrary to what was expected, the negative impact of the fear of failure perception is weaker in women. Practical implications – These results have the implications to suggest focused public policies and differentiations that consider the socio-cultural, territorial (focused in cities) and gender aspects. Originality/value – The research contributes by giving empirical evidence of the existence of the negative impact of living in a secondary city and of differentiated effects of socio-cultural factors from the gender perspective.
Entrepreneurship Policy and Its Impact on the Cultural Legitimacy for Entrepreneurship in a Developing Country Context
(2015) Mandakovic, Vesna; Cohen, Boyd; Amorós, José Ernesto
Evolution of the entrepreneurship and innovation research in Ibero-America between 1986 and 2015
(2020) Cancino, Christian A.; Merigó, José M.; Urbano, David; Amorós, José Ernesto
Ibero-American researchers show an increasing number of studies on entrepreneurship and innovation research. This article analyzes the journals and universities that published research on the discipline developed by Ibero-American authors between 1986 and 2015. The work uses the Web of Science database and provides several bibliometric indicators. The results show that the most outstanding researchers of the region come mainly from Spain and Portugal. In particular, Spanish researchers are the most productive and influential authors in the region. A small group of researchers from Chile, Argentina, and Mexico are also very influential. Latin American researchers must deepen their international academic networks.
GEM research: achievements and challenges
(01/03/2014) Alvarez, Claudia; Urbano, David; Amorós, José Ernesto
This article analyzes the content and evolution of research based on the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) project. We conducted a rigorous search of articles published in journals within the Thomson Reuters’ Social Sciences Citation Index® through an exploratory analysis focused on articles using GEM data. The main findings of this study reveal that the institutional approach is the most commonly used conceptual framework. Also, although there are still few academic publications using GEM data, the number of articles is increasing, as are opportunities for future research.
Home court advantage? Knowledge-based FDI and spillovers in emerging economies
(2019) Matusik, Sharon F.; Heeley, Michael B.; Amorós, José Ernesto
Research Summary: Emerging economies increasingly try to stimulate innovation as a path toward economic development. One side effect of this is that foreign ownership of innovation in these contexts is increasing. This raises the question of how local vs. foreign ownership affects whether spillovers from innovation stay in the focal country or occur outside of it. Based on data from 1995 to 2014 across 35 emerging economies, we find that when ownership of an invention is local, spillovers are more likely to stay local. We also examine how the relationship between foreign ownership and spillovers is moderated by the stickiness of knowledge associated with the invention (relevant country-level knowledge stocks in the host country, applied orientation, and scope). We conclude with a discussion of theory and policy implications. Managerial Summary: Stimulating innovation is increasingly perceived as important in emerging economies. As a result, leaders in these economies work to increase foreign direct investment in innovation-related activities with the hope that these activities will encourage knowledge spillovers locally and, thus, stimulate greater economic development. The effect of foreign ownership of innovations is not yet well understood, though. In this study, we examine where the spillovers from foreign vs. locally owned inventions accrue. We find that when the ownership of an invention is local, the benefits from that invention are more likely to stay local. We also find that the technology characteristics of an invention influence the relationship between foreign ownership and spillovers. We conclude with a discussion of implications for theory and innovation policy.
Informal Investors in Chile: An Exploratory Study from a Gender Perspective
(2012) Romani, Gianni; Atienza, Miguel; Amorós, José Ernesto
Informal investment represents one of the main sources to finance early-stage new ventures. Despite the progressive participation of women in informal investment, little is known about the characteristics of female informal investors, especially in developing countries. This study examines the gender differences of a sample of 613 informal investors in Chile. To this end we used the database from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Chile 2007-2008 and applied tests of differences in proportions and means for independent samples. The results show that there are significant gender differences in some socio-demographic variables, like education and work status, and also in the perception of good opportunities and the fear to failure. Additionally, women invest smaller amounts and expect lower returns than men do. Finally, women invest more than men in close family. Policy implications of these results are discussed.

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