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Traceable and Biocompatible Carbon Dots from Simple Precursors: A Pre-Deployment Safety Baseline

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dc.contributor.authorSilva, Christian
dc.contributor.authorInnocenzi, Plinio
dc.contributor.authorMalfatti, Luca
dc.contributor.authorFiori, Federico
dc.contributor.authorBlanco, Francisca
dc.contributor.authorHormazabal, Juan
dc.contributor.authorGangas, María
dc.contributor.authorDiaz, Oscar
dc.contributor.authorBalic, Iván
dc.date.accessioned2026-09-08T18:45:57Z
dc.date.available2026-09-08T18:45:57Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.description.abstractCarbon dots (CDs) are promising for agro-environmental applications; however, clear connections between synthesis, photophysical properties, size, and biosafety are often not well established. In this study, we map these relationships for glucose–arginine CDs (GA-CDs). By using microwave and hydrothermal routes at precursor ratios of 1:3, 1:9, and 1:15, we produced sub-10 nm nanoparticles (analyzed by dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy) that exhibit tunable absorption and emission properties, as well as surface properties (demonstrated through UV–Vis spectroscopy, 3D photoluminescence, and FTIR analysis). The hydrothermal 1:9 condition yielded the narrowest size distribution and red-shifted photoluminescence. Across biological models spanning plants, insects, plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR), and human cells, GA-CDs were well tolerated, with no adverse changes detected in plant stress markers, aphid feeding behavior or fecundity, or PGPR growth. In A549 cells, viability remained stable up to a concentration of 0.125 mg mL−1, while exposure to 0.5 mg mL−1 reduced viability, establishing a practical operating range. These results provide a clearer picture of how the structure and properties of carbon dots derived from arginine and glucose are correlated to their safety. The GA-CDs are, therefore, useful, and traceable tools for agro-environmental research. The findings support their use as biocompatible nanomaterials for studying interactions among plants, insects, and microbes in agriculture.
dc.description.versionVersión Publicada
dc.identifier.citationSilva-Sanzana, C., Innocenzi, P., Malfatti, L., Fiori, F., Blanco-Herrera, F., Hormazabal, J., Gangas, M. V., Diaz, O., & Balic, I. (2025). Traceable and Biocompatible Carbon Dots from Simple Precursors: A Pre-Deployment Safety Baseline. Agrochemicals, 4(4), 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/agrochemicals4040020
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3390/agrochemicals4040020
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11447/11093
dc.language.isoen
dc.subjectCarbon dots
dc.subjectNanoparticle biosafety
dc.subjectFluorescence
dc.subjectBioimaging
dc.subjectNano-agriculture
dc.titleTraceable and Biocompatible Carbon Dots from Simple Precursors: A Pre-Deployment Safety Baseline
dc.typeArticle
dcterms.accessRightsAcceso Abierto
dcterms.sourceAgrochemicals
dspace.entity.typePublication
relation.isAuthorOfPublicationd0fb8162-7e81-4714-92e6-55df118f11c3
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscoveryd0fb8162-7e81-4714-92e6-55df118f11c3

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