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Advances in Label-Free Detection of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Critical Review

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dc.contributor.authorVera, Gabriela
dc.contributor.authorCerda, Javier
dc.contributor.authorFernández Arancibia, Mario
dc.contributor.authorSánchez, Miguel
dc.contributor.authorRojas, Pablo
dc.date.accessioned2026-08-06T22:04:09Z
dc.date.available2026-08-06T22:04:09Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.description.abstractNon-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) accounts for about 75% of new bladder cancer diagnoses. Early detection improves survival, yet routine white-light cystoscopy is invasive, costly, and can miss up to 45% of flat or small lesions. These shortcomings have prompted development of label-free diagnostic tools that read the intrinsic optical, electrical, or mechanical signatures of urinary biomarkers without added labels. This review examines recent engineering advances in such platforms for NMIBC detection, focusing on analytical performance, readiness for clinical translation, and remaining barriers to adoption. We compare each technology with conventional cytology using key metrics such as limit of detection, diagnostic accuracy, analysis time, cohort size, and stage of clinical development. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and interferometric flow cytometry offer femtomolar sensitivity and more than 98% accuracy within minutes, while compact electrochemical sensors targeting NMP22, Galectin-1, and microRNAs reach sub-picogram levels on disposable chips. Standardized sample handling, multicenter validation, and robust cost-effectiveness data are now essential for these tools to advance point-of-care NMIBC surveillance.
dc.description.versionVersión Publicada
dc.identifier.citationVera G, Cerda-Infante J, Fernández MI, Sánchez-Encinas M, Rojas PA. Advances in Label-Free Detection of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Critical Review. Bioengineering (Basel). 2025 Aug 12;12(8):866. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering12080866
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12080866
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11447/10979
dc.language.isoen
dc.subjectRaman spectroscopy
dc.subjectSERS
dc.subjectelectrochemical biosensor
dc.subjectinterferometric flow cytometry
dc.subjectlabel-free biosensors
dc.subjectnon-muscle invasive bladder cancer
dc.subjecturinary biomarkers
dc.titleAdvances in Label-Free Detection of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Critical Review
dc.typeArticle
dcterms.accessRightsAcceso Abierto
dcterms.sourceBioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)
dspace.entity.typePublication
relation.isAuthorOfPublicationede82ba9-2e79-4469-8218-3f43121e5e01
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscoveryede82ba9-2e79-4469-8218-3f43121e5e01

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