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Critical Review of the Methodological Shortcoming of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cognitive Function Studies

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dc.contributor.authorHaghayegh, Shahab
dc.contributor.authorHermida, Ramon
dc.contributor.authorSmolensky, Michael
dc.contributor.authorJimenez, Mili
dc.contributor.authorDuran, Claudia
dc.contributor.authorSlachevsky Chonchol, Andrea
dc.contributor.authorBehrens, Maria Isabel
dc.contributor.authorAguillon, David
dc.contributor.authorSantamaria, Hernando
dc.contributor.authorGarcía, Adolfo
dc.contributor.authorMatallana, Diana
dc.contributor.authorIbáñez, Agustín
dc.contributor.authorHu, Kun
dc.date.accessioned2026-09-25T15:44:55Z
dc.date.available2026-09-25T15:44:55Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.description.abstractGrowing evidence suggests that abnormal diurnal blood pressure rhythms may be associated with many adverse health outcomes, including increased risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. This study evaluates methodological aspects of research on bidirectional associations between ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) patterns and cognitive function. By examining the 28 recent studies included in a recent systematic review on the association between ABPM patterns with cognitive function and risk of dementia, our review revealed several significant limitations in study design, sample characteristics, ABPM protocol, cognitive assessment, and data analysis. The major concerns include a lack of diversity in study populations with underrepresentation of Blacks and Latinos, a predominant focus on Alzheimer's disease or all-cause dementia without distinguishing other dementia subtypes, different and not standardized measures of cognition or dementia, prevalent use of 24 h monitoring without considering the adaption effect, inconsistent definitions of dipping status, and ignorance of individual differences in timings of daily activities such as bed and awakening times. In addition, confounding variables such as class, dose, and timing of antihypertensive medication are inadequately controlled or considered. Further, longitudinal studies were scarce examining the bidirectional relationship between ABPM patterns and cognitive decline over time. Collectively, these deficiencies undermine the reliability and generalizability of current findings. Addressing these methodological challenges is crucial for a more comprehensive understanding of diurnal blood pressure rhythms in diverse populations and for developing an evidence-based guideline for ambulatory monitoring and control of blood pressure across the sleep-wake cycle to prevent cognitive decline and dementia.
dc.description.versionVersión Publicada
dc.identifier.citationHaghayegh, S., Hermida, R. C., Smolensky, M. H., Jimenez Gallardo, M., Duran-Aniotz, C., Slachevsky, A., Behrens, M. I., Aguillon, D., Santamaria-Garcia, H., García, A. M., Matallana, D., Ibáñez, A., & Hu, K. (2025). Critical Review of the Methodological Shortcoming of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cognitive Function Studies. Clocks & sleep, 7(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep7010011
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep7010011
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11447/11186
dc.language.isoen
dc.subjectAmbulatory blood pressure monitoring
dc.subjectCognitive decline
dc.subjectDementia
dc.subjectHypertension
dc.titleCritical Review of the Methodological Shortcoming of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cognitive Function Studies
dc.typeArticle
dcterms.accessRightsAcceso Abierto
dcterms.sourceClocks & sleep
dspace.entity.typePublication
relation.isAuthorOfPublicatione25c3d3e-63b5-4e04-951a-12a4989aa772
relation.isAuthorOfPublicationb0cb6d05-60d8-4c6f-96ed-e0bd1460aa3c
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscoverye25c3d3e-63b5-4e04-951a-12a4989aa772

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