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SALAZAR SANDOVAL, SEBASTIAN ANDRES

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SALAZAR SANDOVAL

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SEBASTIAN ANDRES

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  • Publication
    Controlled Release of the Anticancer Drug Cyclophosphamide from a Superparamagnetic β‑Cyclodextrin Nanosponge by Local Hyperthermia Generated by an Alternating Magnetic Field
    (2024) SALAZAR SANDOVAL, SEBASTIAN ANDRES; Díaz-Saldívar, Patricia; Araya, Ingrid; Celis, Freddy; Cortés-Arriagada, Diego; Riveros, Ana; Rojas-Romo, Carlos; Jullian, Carolina; Silva, Nataly; Yutronic, Nicolás; Kogan, Marcelo J.; Jara, Paul
    β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) nanosponge (NS) was synthesized using diphenyl carbonate (DPC) as a cross-linker to encapsulate the antitumor drug cyclophosphamide (CYC), thus obtaining the NSs-CYC system. The formulation was then associated with magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) to develop the MNPs-NSs-CYC ternary system. The formulations mentioned above were characterized to confirm the deposition of the MNPs onto the organic matrix and that the superparamagnetic nature of the MNPs was preserved upon association. The association of the MNPs with the NSs-drug complex was confirmed through field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, ζ-potential, atomic absorption spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, selected area electron diffraction, and vibrating-sample magnetometer. The superparamagnetic properties of the ternary system allowed the release of CYC by utilizing magnetic hyperthermia upon the exposure of an alternating magnetic field (AMF). The drug release experiments were carried out at different frequencies and intensities of the magnetic field, complying with the “Atkinson−Brezovich criterion”. The assays in AMF showed the feasibility of release by controlling hyperthermia of the drug, finding that the most efficient conditions were F = 280 kHz, H = 15 mT, and a concentration of MNPs of 5 mg/mL. CYC release was temperature-dependent, facilitated by local heat generation through magnetic hyperthermia. This phenomenon was confirmed by DFT calculations. Furthermore, the ternary systems outperformed the formulations without MNPs regarding the amount of released drug. The MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) assays demonstrated that including CYC within the magnetic NS cavities reduced the effects on mitochondrial activity compared to those observed with the free drug. Finally, the magnetic hyperthermia assays showed that the tertiary system allows the generation of apoptosis in HeLa cells, demonstrating that the MNPs embedded maintain their properties to generate hyperthermia. These results suggest that using NSs associated with MNPs could be a potential tool for a controlled drug delivery in tumor therapy since the materials are efficient and potentially nontoxic.
  • Publication
    Synthesis of dumbbell-like heteronanostructures encapsulated in ferritin protein: Towards multifunctional protein based opto-magnetic nanomaterials for biomedical theranostic
    (2025) Moglia, Italo; Santiago, Margarita; Arellano, Andreas; SALAZAR SANDOVAL, SEBASTIAN ANDRES; Olivera-Nappa, Alvaro; Kogan, Marcelo J.; Soler, Mónica
    Dumbbell-like hetero nanostructures based on gold and iron oxides is a promising material for biomedical applications, useful as versatile theranostic agents due the synergistic effect of their optical and magnetic properties. However, achieving precise control on their morphology, size dispersion, colloidal stability, biocompatibility and cell targeting remains as a current challenge. In this study, we address this challenge by employing biomimetic routes, using ferritin protein nanocages as template for these nanoparticles’ synthesis. We present the development of an opto-magnetic nanostructures using the ferritin protein, wherein gold and iron oxide nanostructures were produced within its cavity. Initially, we investigated the synthesis of gold nanostructures within the protein, generating clusters and plasmonic nanoparticles. Subsequently, we optimized the conditions for the superparamagnetic nanoparticles synthesis through controlled iron oxidation, thereby enhancing the magnetic properties of the resulting system. Finally, we produce magnetic nanoparticles in the protein with gold clusters, achieving the coexistence of both nanostructures within a single protein molecule, a novel material unprecedented to date. We observed that factors such as temperature, metal/protein ratios, pH, dialysis, and purification processes all have an impact on protein recovery, loading efficiency, morphology, and nanoparticle size. Our findings highlight the development of ferritin-based nanomaterials as versatile platforms for potential biomedical use as multifunctional theranostic agents.