Person: URZUA, CRISTHIAN ALEJANDRO
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URZUA
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CRISTHIAN ALEJANDRO
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Publication Risk factors for recurrences and visual impairment in patients with ocular toxoplasmosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis(2023) Cifuentes-González, Carlos; Rojas-Carabali, William; Olate Pérez, Alvaro; Carvalho, Erika; Valenzuela, Felipe; Miguel-Escuder, Lucía; Ormaechea, María Soledad; Heredia, Milagros; Baquero- Ospina, Pablo; Adan, Alfredo; Curi, Andre; Schlaen, Ariel; URZUA, CRISTHIAN ALEJANDRO; Couto, Cristóbal; Arellanes, Lourdes; Torre, Alejandra de laBackground Ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) is caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. OT is the leading cause of posterior uveitis globally; it is a recurrent disease that may result in visual impairment and blindness. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to summarize and evaluate the risk factors for recurrences, visual impairment, and blindness described in the literature worldwide. Methods and findings We performed a systematic literature search in PubMed, Embase, VHL, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and DANS EASY Archive. All studies reporting patients with clinically and serologically confirmed OT presenting any clinical or paraclinical factor influencing recurrences, visual impairment, and blindness were included. Studies presenting secondary data, case reports, and case series were excluded. An initial selection was made by title and abstract, and then the studies were reviewed by full text where the eligible studies were selected. Then, the risk of bias was assessed through validated tools. Data were extracted using a validated extraction format. Qualitative synthesis and quantitative analysis were done. This study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022327836). Results Seventy two studies met the inclusion criteria. Fifty-three were summarized in the qualitative synthesis in three sections: clinical and environmental factors, parasite and host factors, and treatment-related factors. Of the 72 articles, 39 were included in the meta-analysis, of which 14 were conducted in South America, 13 in Europe, four in Asia, three multinational, two in North America and Central America, respectively, and only one in Africa. A total of 4,200 patients with OT were analyzed, mean age ranged from 7.3 to 65.1 year of age, with similar distribution by sex. The frequency of recurrences in patients with OT was 49% (95% CI 40%–58%), being more frequent in the South American population than in Europeans. Additionally, visual impairment was presented in 35% (95% CI 25%–48%) and blindness in 20% (95% CI 13%–30%) of eyes, with a similar predominance in South Americans than in Europeans. On the other hand, having lesions near the macula or adjacent to the optic nerve had an OR of 4.83 (95% CI; 2.72–8.59) for blindness, similar to having more than one recurrence that had an OR of 3.18 (95% CI; 1.59–6.38). Finally, the prophylactic therapy with Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole versus the placebo showed a protective factor of 83% during the first year and 87% in the second year after treatment. Conclusion Our Systematic Review showed that clinical factors such as being older than 40 years, patients with de novo OT lesions or with less than one year after the first episode, macular area involvement, lesions greater than 1 disc diameter, congenital toxoplasmosis, and bilateral compromise had more risk of recurrences. Also, environmental and parasite factors such as precipitations, geographical region where the infection is acquired, and more virulent strains confer greater risk of recurrences. Therefore, patients with the above mentioned clinical, environmental, and parasite factors could benefit from using prophylactic therapy.Publication Primer Consenso Chileno de Grupo de Estudio de Tuberculosis Ocular(2023) URZUA, CRISTHIAN ALEJANDRO; Liberman, Paulina; Escobar, Nadia; Sabat, Pablo; Hernández, Mariluz; Peña, Luis; Stevenson, Ricardo; Pérez, María Eugenia; Balcells, María ElviraEl tratamiento de la tuberculosis (TB) ocular es un tema que genera controversia en el mundo. Para el correcto manejo de estos pacientes, es necesario el desarrollo de guías que consideren la epidemiología de la TB ocular en cada nación. El objetivo de este consenso fue discutir de forma interdisciplinaria la epidemiología, fisiopatología, clínica, diagnóstico, estudio y tratamiento de los pacientes con TB ocular, para establecer un algoritmo de tratamiento y proponer qué pacientes deben ser tratados en Chile y con qué tratamiento. Además, se establecieron acuerdos para efectuar quimioprofilaxis de los pacientes con TB latente que tienen indicación de tratamiento inmunosupresor por enfermedades inflamatorias oculares.Publication Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCT-A) in Uveitis: ALiterature Review and a Reassessment of Its Real Role(2023) Herbort, Jr., Carl P.; Takeuchi, Masaru; Papasavvas, Ioannis; Hedayatfar, Alireza; Usui, Yoshihiko; Tugal-Tutkun, Ilknur; Ozdal, Pinar C.; URZUA, CRISTHIAN ALEJANDROBackground: The global and precise follow-up of uveitis has become possible with the availability of dual fluorescein (FA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) since the mid-1990s. Progressively, additional non-invasive imaging methods have emerged, bringing value-added precision to the imaging appraisal of uveitis, including, among others, optical coherence tomography (OCT), enhanced-depth imaging OCT (EDI-OCT) and blue light fundus autofluorescence (BAF). More recently, another complementary imaging method, OCT-angiography (OCT-A), further allowed retinal and choroidal circulation to be imaged without the need for dye injection. Purpose: The purpose of this review was aimed at examining the evidence in published reports indicating whether OCT-A could possibly replace dye angiographic methods, as well as the real practical impact of OCT-A. Methods: A literature search in the PubMed database was performed using the terms OCT-angiography and uveitis, OCTA and uveitis and OCT-A and uveitis. Case reports were excluded. Articles were classified into technical reports, research reports and reviews. Articles in the two latter categories were analyzed in a more detailed, individual fashion. Special attention was paid to whether there were arguments in favor of an exclusive rather than complementary use of OCT-A. Furthermore, a synthesis of the main practical applications of OCT-A in the management of uveitis was attempted. Results: Between 2016 (the year of the first articles) and 2022, 144 articles containing the search terms were identified. After excluding case report articles, 114 articles were retained: 4 in 2016, 17 in 2017, 14 in 2018, 21 in 2019, 14 in 2020, 18 in 2021 and 26 in 2022. Seven articles contained technical information or consensus-based terminology. Ninety-two articles could be considered as clinical research articles. Of those, only two hinted in their conclusions that OCT-A could hypothetically replace dye methods. The terms mostly used to qualify the contribution of the articles in this group were “complementary to dye methods”, “adjunct”, “supplementing” and other similar terms. Fifteen articles were reviews, none of which hinted that OCT-A could replace dye methods. The situations where OCT-A represented a significant practical contribution to the practical appraisal of uveitis were identified. Conclusion: To date, no evidence was found in the literature that OCT-A can replace the classic dye methods; however, it can complement them. Promoting the possibility that non-invasive OCT-A can substitute the invasive dye methods is deleterious, giving the elusive impression that dye methods are no longer inevitable for evaluating uveitis patients. Nevertheless, OCT-A is a precious tool in uveitis research