Person: Yurac, Ratko
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Yurac
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Publication [Artículo traducido] Lesiones vertebrales por proyectil de arma de fuego: estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, multicéntrico(2024) Ricciardi, Guillermo; Cabrera, Juan; Martinez, Oscar; Matta, Javier; Jimenez, Jose; Vilchis, Hugo; Tejerina, Veronica; Yurac, RatkoIntroducción y objetivo: Describir las características clínico-demográficas y el tratamiento de pacientes con heridas vertebrales por proyectil de arma de fuego en una cohorte retrospectiva de centros de Iberoamérica. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de cohorte, multicéntrico, retrospectivo de pacientes tratados por lesiones vertebrales por proyectil de arma de fuego en 12 instituciones entre enero de 2015 y enero de 2022. Se registraron datos demográficos y clínicos, incluidos tiempo de la lesión, evaluación inicial, variables balísticas y tratamiento. Resultados: Se analizó a 423 pacientes con lesiones vertebrales por arma de fuego de instituciones en México (82%), Argentina, Brasil, Colombia y Venezuela. Predominaban los varones, civiles, con profesiones con bajo riesgo de violencia y estatus social medio/bajo. La mayoría, por disparos de armas de fuego de baja energía. Lesiones frecuentemente torácicas y lumbares. Lesión neurológica en 320 (76%) pacientes, con lesión medular en 269 (63%). El tratamiento solía ser conservador, con solo 90 (21%) casos quirúrgicos. Las características que distinguieron los casos quirúrgicos de los no quirúrgicos fueron el compromiso neurológico (p = 0,004), compromiso del canal (p < 0,001), heridas sucias (p < 0,001), restos de fragmentos de bala o hueso en el canal espinal (p < 0,001) y el patrón de la lesión (p < 0,001). Las variables mencionadas se mantuvieron estadísticamente significativas, luego del análisis multivariado, excepto el compromiso neurológico. Conclusiones: En este estudio multicéntrico de víctimas de lesiones vertebrales por proyectil de arma de fuego, la mayoría recibió tratamiento no quirúrgico, a pesar de la lesión neurológica en el 76% y la lesión en la columna en el 63% de los pacientes. Introduction and objective: To describe the demographic and clinical characteristics and treatment of patients with spinal gunshot wounds across Latin America. Material and methods: Retrospective, multicenter cohort study of patients treated for gunshot wounds to the spine spanning 12 institutions across Latin America between January 2015 and January 2022. Demographic and clinical data were recorded, including the time of injury, initial assessment, characteristics of the vertebral gunshot injury, and treatment. Results: Data on 423 patients with spinal gunshot injuries were extracted from institutions in Mexico (82%), Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. Patients were predominantly male civilians in low-risk-of-violence professions, and of lower/middle social status, and a sizeable majority of gunshots were from low-energy firearms. Vertebral injuries mainly affected the thoracic and lumbar spine. Neurological injury was documented in 320 (76%) patients, with spinal cord injuries in 269 (63%). Treatment was largely conservative, with just 90 (21%) patients treated surgically, principally using posterior open midline approach to the spine (79; 87%). Injury features distinguishing surgical from non-surgical cases were neurological compromise (P = 0.004), canal compromise (P < 0.001), dirty wounds (P < 0.001), bullet or bone fragment remains in the spinal canal (P < 0.001) and injury pattern (P < 0.001). After a multivariate analysis through a binary logistic regression model, the aforementioned variables remained statistically significant except neurological compromise. Conclusions: In this multicenter study of spinal gunshot victims, most were treated nonsurgically, despite neurological injury in 76% and spinal injury in 63% of patientsPublication Predicting early complications in patients with spinal gunshot wounds: A multicenter study(2024) Ricciardi, Guillermo; Cabrera, Juan; Martínez, Oscar; Matta, Javier; Vilchis, Hugo; Perez, Jeasson; Carazzo, Charles; Dittmar, Michael; Yurac, Ratko; AO Spine Latin America Trauma Study GroupIntroduction: There is a wide variation in the clinical presentation of spinal gunshot wounds ranging from isolated minor stable fractures to extremely severe injuries with catastrophic neurological damage. Research question: we aim to analyze the risk factors for early complications and impact of surgical treatment in patients with spinal gunshot wounds. Material and methods: This is a multicentre retrospective case-control study to compare patients with spinal gunshot wounds who had early complications with those who did not. The following matching criteria were used: sex (1:1), injury level (1:1) and age (±5 years). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression. Results: Results: Among 387 patients, 36.9 % registered early complications, being persistent pain (n = 32; 15 %), sepsis/septic shock (n = 28; 13 %), pneumonia (n = 27; 13 %) and neurogenic bladder (n = 27; 12 %) the most frequently reported. After case-control matched analysis, we obtained 133 patients who suffered early complications (cases) and 133 patients who did not as control group, not differing significantly in sex (p = 1000), age (p = 0,535) and injury level (p = 1000), while the 35 % of complications group required surgical treatment versus 15 % of the non-complication group (p < 0.001). On multivariable analysis, significant predictors of complications were surgical treatment for spinal injury (OR = 3.50, 95 % CI = 1.68-7.30), dirty wound (3.32, 1.50-7.34), GCS ≤8 (3.56, 1.17-10.79), hemodynamic instability (2.29, 1.07-4.88), and multiple bullets (1.97, 1.05-3.67). Discussion and conclusion: Spinal gunshot wounds are associated with a high risk of early complications, especially when spinal surgery is required, and among patients with dirty wound, low level of consciousness, hemodynamic instability, and multiple bullets.Publication Time to Surgery for Subaxial Cervical Fractures: A Multicenter Study(2025) Quinteros, Guisela; Ricciardi, Guillermo; Cirillo, Ignacio; Marquez, Edgar; Cabrera, Juan; Carazzo, Charles; Yurac, Ratko; Guiroy, AlfredoObjective: To identify delays for surgery to stabilize subaxial cervical fractures and the main reasons for them across Latin America. Methods: This is a retrospective multicenter cohort study of patients surgically treated for subaxial cervical fractures from 13 spine centers across Latin America from January 1, 2014 to January 1, 2023. Causes of delay to surgery beyond 24 hours were documented. Results: We included 529 patients from 13 institutions in Latin American countries; 408 (77.1%) males and 121 (22.9%) females with a mean age of 43.4 (standard deviation = ±16.2). Predominantly caused by traffic accident (n = 256; 48.4%), followed by fall from height (n = 233; 44%). Mostly, suffered type C fractures (n = 348; 65.8%) and/or neurological injury (n = 384; 72.6%). The time from admission to surgery was >72 hours in 70% of the patients included (n = 375; 70.9%). More than 45% waited longer than a week (n = 257; 48.6%) for spine surgery. Only 12.5% (n = 66) of the patients received surgery in the first 24 hours from admission. The primary reasons for the surgical delay were the necessity for other surgical procedures (n = 161; 34.8%), the unavailability of surgical implants (n = 60; 13.0%), patient clinical instability (n = 55; 11.9%), and delays in referral (n = 38; 8.2%). Conclusions: We documented significant and concerning delays in providing spinal decompression and stabilization surgery to patients with cervical spine fractures. Only 17% of patients have surgery in the recommended time <24 hours, more than half of the patients must wait for more than 72 hours, and nearly half of patients wait for longer than a week.Publication Mechanical Instability After Civilian Thoracolumbar Gunshot Injuries: A Systematic Review to Support Classification Development(2025) Ricciardi, Guillermo; Cirillo, Ignacio; Cabrera, Juan; Alvarenga, Otávio; Neves, Emiliano; Carazzo, Charles; Dittmar, Michael; Guiroy, Alfredo; Yurac, Ratko; Schroeder, GregoryStudy DesignSystematic Review.ObjectivesIdentify risk factors for mechanical instability in thoracolumbar gunshot wounds to develop a new classification system.MethodsA systematic review following PRISMA 2020 guidelines was conducted across multiple databases from January 1, 1990, to September 12, 2024 (PROSPERO: CRD42023458804).ResultsOf 2400 records, 33 studies (3195 patients) met inclusion criteria, mostly retrospective and single-center, with varying definitions of instability. Direct comparison was limited due to clinical heterogeneity. Only 12 studies defined mechanical instability, mainly using the Denis three-column theory. Instability was reported in less than 10% of cases, except for one higher-rate outlier. The main markers included vertebral body comminution and potential ligamentous injury. Management was mainly conservative, with a low fixation rate (1.5-9.7%). Imaging relied on CT and static X-rays, with some studies advocating for dynamic radiographs.ConclusionThere is a lack of standardized definitions for mechanical instability in civilian thoracolumbar gunshot injuries. Four recurrent unstable patterns were detected, with vertebral body comminution as the most consistent marker. The need for a standardized classification system and further prospective studies is evident.