Browsing by Author "Silva, Jaime"
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Publication A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic(2022) Legate, Nicole; Nguyen, Thuy-vy; Weinstein, Netta; Moller, Arlen; Legault, Lisa; Vally, Zahir; Tajchman, Zuzanna; Zsido, Andras N.; Zrimsek, Miha; Chen, Zhang; Ziano, Ignazio; Gialitaki, Zoi; Ceary, Chris D.; Jang, Yuna; Lin, Yijun; Kunisato, Yoshihiko; Yamada, Yuki; Xiao, Qinyu; Jiang, Xiaoming; Du, Xinkai; Yao, Elvin; Ryan, William S.; Wilson, John Paul; Cyrus-Lai, Wilson; Jimenez-Leal, William; Law, Wilbert; Unanue, Wenceslao; Collins, W. Matthew; Richard, Karley L.; Vranka, Marek; Ankushev, Vladislav; Schei, Vidar; Lerche, Veronika; Kovic, Vanja; Krizanic, Valerija; Kadreva, Veselina Hristova; Adoric, Vera Cubela; Tran, Ulrich S.; Yeung, Siu Kit; Hassan, Widad; Silva, Jaime; Olaya Torres, Adriana JuliethItem A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic(2021) Wang, Ke; Goldenberg, Amit; Dorison, Charles A.; Silva, Jaime; PSA GroupThe COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n= 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world.Item Assessing Subjective Processes and Vulnerability in Mindfulness-based Interventions: A Mixed methods Exploratory Study(2021) Medeiros, Sebastián; Crempien, Carla; Vásquez, Alejandra; Duarte, Javiera; Andreu, Catherine; Langer, Álvaro; Ibaceta, Miguel; Silva, Jaime; Cosmelli, DiegoContext: Research in the contemplative field has focused on trainable capacities that foster self-regulation and integration. From a psychological perspective, mindfulness and personality research has largely grown with a categorical approach that explores the relationship between personality traits and mindfulness skills in clinical contexts. Problem: There is still a gap in our understanding of the subjective processes that occur through contemplative learning. Moreover, a dimensional personality approach that acknowledges personality functioning and individual vulnerability has not formed part of the discussion in the field. Method: We used a mixed methods framework to explore change and learning mechanisms among six participants in an eight-week mindfulness-based intervention. Pre- and post-intervention measurements were registered, including a micro-phenomenological interview (MPI) to explore first-person experience in dealing with difficulty, self-reported personality functioning, symptoms, and mindfulness skills, and heart rate variability, to relate self-reporting and phenomenological accounts. Results: Multiple levels of observation seem to be sensitive to capturing change and processes occurring in mindfulness-based interventions. The MPI analysis points to greater awareness and embodied care as central mechanisms. Personality functioning correlates with autonomic activity during critical phases of the MPI. Conceptual and experiential understanding of new forms of relating to experience are exemplified through a case study. Implications: This exploratory study contributes to scientific and clinical understanding of healing mechanisms of mindfulness practice. Taking vulnerability into account can help refine therapeutic strategies and clinical sensitivity. The results support more skillful ways of guiding and inquiring in mindfulness practices. Future research should explore subtler levels of experiential and physiological regulatory processes using larger samples, particularly with participants who experience difficulties during practice. Constructivist content: This work contributes to the development of Francisco Varela’s neurophenomenology project and his scientific interest in contemplative practices as tools for the study of consciousness.Item Attachment research and anti-racism: learning from Black and Brown scholars(2021) Causadias, José M.; Morris, Kamryn S.; Cárcamo, Rodrigo A.; Neville, Helen A.; Nóblega, Magaly; Salinas-Quiroz, Fernando; Silva, JaimePreliminary evidence suggests that people and scholars of African and/or Latin American and Caribbean origin are often under-represented in mainstream attachment scholarship. In this commentary, we highlight the difficulty of conducting attachment theory research outside of the United States, particularly in Latin American countries. We reflect on the contributions by the authors of this special issue . We also identify (a) ways in which to center the experiences of Black and Brown people and scholars to push the field toward antiracism, and (b) the challenges of attachment theory and research in becoming anti-racist by considering the structural nature of racism.Publication Impact of acute psychosocial stress on attentional control in humans. A study of evoked potentials and pupillary response(2023) Rojas-Thomas, F.; Artigas, C.; Wainstein, G.; Morales, Juan-Pablo; Arriagada, M.; Soto, D.; Dagnino-Subiabre, A.; Silva, Jaime; López, V.Psychosocial stress has increased considerably in our modern lifestyle, affecting global mental health. Deficits in attentional control are cardinal features of stress disorders and pathological anxiety. Studies suggest that changes in the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system could underlie the effects of stress on top-down attentional control. However, the impact of psychosocial stress on attentional processes and its underlying neural mechanisms are poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the effect of psychosocial stress on attentional processing and brain signatures. Evoked potentials and pupillary activity related to the oddball auditory paradigm were recorded before and after applying the Montreal Imaging Stress Task (MIST). Electrocardiogram (ECG), salivary cortisol, and subjective anxiety/stress levels were measured at different experimental periods. The control group experienced the same physical and cognitive effort but without the psychosocial stress component. The results showed that stressed subjects exhibited decreased P3a and P3b amplitude, pupil phasic response, and correct responses. On the other hand, they displayed an increase in Mismatch Negativity (MMN). N1 amplitude after MIST only decreased in the control group. We found that differences in P3b amplitude between the first and second oddball were significantly correlated with pupillary dilation and salivary cortisol levels. Our results suggest that under social-evaluative threat, basal activity of the coeruleus-norepinephrine system increases, enhancing alertness and decreasing voluntary attentional resources for the cognitive task. These findings contribute to understanding the neurobiological basis of attentional changes in pathologies associated with chronic psychosocial stress.Item Increase in Beta Power Reflects Attentional Top-Down Modulation After Psychosocial Stress Induction(2021) Palacios-García, Ismael; Silva, Jaime; Villena-González, Mario; Campos-Arteaga, Germán; Artigas-Vergara, Claudio; Luarte, Nicolás; Rodríguez, Eugenio; Bosman, Conrado A.Selective attention depends on goal-directed and stimulus-driven modulatory factors, each relayed by different brain rhythms. Under certain circumstances, stress-related states can change the balance between goal-directed and stimulus-driven factors. However, the neuronal mechanisms underlying these changes remain unclear. In this study, we explored how psychosocial stress can modulate brain rhythms during an attentional task and a task-free period. We recorded the EEG and ECG activity of 42 healthy participants subjected to either the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), a controlled procedure to induce stress, or a comparable control protocol (same physical and cognitive effort but without the stress component), flanked by an attentional task, a 90 s of task-free period and a state of anxiety questionnaire. We observed that psychosocial stress induced an increase in heart rate (HR), self-reported anxiety, and alpha power synchronization. Also, psychosocial stress evoked a relative beta power increase during correct trials of the attentional task, which correlates positively with anxiety and heart rate increase, and inversely with attentional accuracy. These results suggest that psychosocial stress affects performance by redirecting attentional resources toward internal threat-related thoughts. An increment of endogenous top-down modulation reflected an increased beta-band activity that may serve as a compensatory mechanism to redirect attentional resources toward the ongoing task. The data obtained here may contribute to designing new ways of clinical management of the human stress response in the future and could help to minimize the damaging effects of persistent stressful experiences.Item Relation between food addiction and nutritional status in patients candidates for bariatric surgery(2017) Fuentes, M.; Gabler, G.; Silva, Jaime; Olguín, P.; Rodríguez, A.In the last years the rate of obesity is increasing dramatically in many Latin-American countries. For improving the outcome of the treatment, some of the public hospitals and private clinics created obesity units with clinical experts on that field. For many of the patients attending to those clinics a surgical procedure is indicated as a treatment. This increase in the number of patients that undergoes a surgical procedure for treating obesity has created the necessity to improve the clinical description of those patients, and which of those clinical variables could potentially influence the outcome of the surgery. At the same time, the concept of “food addiction” has gained interest as one of the mechanisms that may underlie the etiology of obesity. The concept of food addiction is based in a comparison between the neurophysiological and behavioral changes that certain foods could produce on a person and the resemblance of the changes occurred in patients with substance dependence. To address the need for a standardized tool to identify persons with food addictive behaviors, The Yale Food Addiction Scale was created. The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) is a 25-point questionnaire, based on DSM-IV codes for substance dependence criteria, to assess food addiction [1–3]. In this study, we used the Yale Food Addiction Scale for assessing food addiction in a bariatric surgery population. This study was done in the Obesity Unit of Clínica Alemana in Santiago de Chile. For the study, we analyzed the profile of obese patients looking for bariatric surgery as a treatmentItem The mediating role of affects in the relation between optimism and well-being(2016) Vera-Villarroel, Pablo; Celis-Atenas, Karem; Urzúa, Alfonso; Silva, Jaime; Contreras, Daniela; Lillo, SebastiánUsing a cross-sectional non-experimental design, the mediating role of (positive and negative) affects was assessed in the relation between optimism and well-being (subjective and psychological). A total of 421 people aged between 18 and 60 years with no diagnosed mental pathology participated in this study. Each participant responded to a set of questionnaires (optimism, happiness, satisfaction with life, psychological well-being, positive and negative affect). The relations between the variables are what was expected theoretically: optimism and well-being are correlated negatively with negative affect and positively with positive affect. The indicators of fit are moderate and show the relation between optimism and well-being (subjective and psychological) mediated by the affects. Therefore, optimism could be considered a promoter of the levels of people's well-being, with this relation being mediated by the affects. The results obtained contribute to the explanatory models of well-being based on internal variables.Publication The Psychological Science Accelerator's COVID-19 rapid-response dataset(2023) Buchanan, Erin M.; Lewis, Savannah C.; Paris, Bastien; Forscher, Patrick S.; Pavlacic, Jeffrey M.; Beshears, Julie E.; Drexler, Shira Meir; Gourdon-Kanhukamwe, Amélie; Mallik, Peter R.; Silan, Miguel Alejandro A.; Miller, Jeremy K.; IJzerman, Hans; Moshontz, Hannah; Beaudry, Jennifer L.; Suchow, Jordan W.; Chartier, Christopher R.; Coles, Nicholas A.; Sharifian, Mohammad Hasan; Todsen, Anna Louise; Levitan, Carmel A.; Azevedo, Flávio; Legate, Nicole; Heller, Blake; Rothman, Alexander J.; Dorison, Charles A.; Gill, Brian P.; Wang, Ke; Rees, Vaughan W.; Gibbs, Nancy; Goldenberg, Amit; Nguyen, Thuy-vy Thi; Gross, James J.; Kaminski, Gwenaêl; Bastian, Claudia C. von; Paruzel-Czachura, Mariola; Mosannenzadeh, Farnaz; Azouaghe, Soufian; Tejada Rivera, María del Carmen; Silva, Jaime; Olaya Torres, Adriana JuliethItem The role of sensitivity to distress and non-distress in infant´s security of attachment and exploration(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Psicología, 2024) Vidal Muñoz, Jessica Camila; Silva, JaimeConsidering the evolutionary goals of attachment and exploration proposed by Bowlby (1969/1980), the general goal of the present thesis is to evaluate the role of distinct parental behaviors in the prediction of security of attachment and explorationPublication Trajectories of Parental Daily Stress: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study during the COVID-19 Lockdown(2023) Aldoney, Daniela; Coo, Soledad; Pérez, J. Carola; Muñoz-Najar, Andrés; González, Constanza; Montemurro, Manuel; Tapia, Leonel; Gana, Sofía; Silva, Luz María; Panesso, Carolina; Silva, JaimeThe COVID-19 pandemic was a source of significant stress due to health and safety concerns and measures to control the virus’ spread, such as mobility restrictions. This measure was especially demanding for parents with school aged children, who had to find new work–family balance as their children participate in online education while attempting to work remotely. To evaluate parents’ stress trajectories during the pandemic, we conducted Ecological Momentary Assessments (EMAs) during lockdown for 29 days in 68 families in Santiago, Chile. In addition, we evaluated the role of educational level and income, co-parenting, and number of children in parents’ stress trajectories. Our results showed that during the first weeks of lockdown expected protective factors (i.e., income and co-parental support) were not able to influence parents’ daily stress management. Moreover, parents with higher educational levels reported worse stress adaptation than less educated parents. On the other hand, co-parental conflict was significantly associated with parent’s stress. Our study captured an acute response to COVID-19 related challenges. This study contributes to understanding how parents adjust to stress during adverse circumstances such as the COVID-19 pandemic.Publication Trajectories of parental daily stress: an ecological momentary assessment study during the COVID-19 lockdown(2023) Aldoney, Daniela; Coo, Soledad; Pérez Ewert, Janet Carola; Muñoz-Najar Pacheco, Andrés Omar; Montemurro Garcia, Manuel Fernelly; Tapia Aróstica, Leonel; Silva, Jaime; Gonzalez-Mathiesen, Constanza; Silva, Luz María; Gana Gajardo, Sofia; Panesso, CarolinaThe COVID-19 pandemic was a source of significant stress due to health and safety concerns and measures to control the virus’ spread, such as mobility restrictions. This measure was especially demanding for parents with school aged children, who had to find new work–family balance as their children participate in online education while attempting to work remotely. To evaluate parents’ stress trajectories during the pandemic, we conducted Ecological Momentary Assessments (EMAs) during lockdown for 29 days in 68 families in Santiago, Chile. In addition, we evaluated the role of educational level and income, co-parenting, and number of children in parents’ stress trajectories. Our results showed that during the first weeks of lockdown expected protective factors (i.e., incomeand co-parental support) were not able to influence parents’ daily stress management. Moreover, parents with higher educational levels reported worse stress adaptation than less educated parents. On the other hand, co-parental conflict was significantly associated with parent’s stress. Our study captured an acute response to COVID-19 related challenges. This study contributes to understanding how parents adjust to stress during adverse circumstances such as the COVID-19 pandemic.