Browsing by Author "Pickett, Kate"
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Item A systematic review of the relationships between social capital and socioeconomic inequalities in health: a contribution to understanding the psychosocial pathway of health inequalities(BioMed Central, 2013) Uphof, Eleonora; Pickett, Kate; Cabieses, Báltica; Small, Neil; Wright, JohnINTRODUCTION: Recent research on health inequalities moves beyond illustrating the importance of psychosocial factors for health to a more in-depth study of the specific psychosocial pathways involved. Social capital is a concept that captures both a buffer function of the social environment on health, as well as potential negative effects arising from social inequality and exclusion. This systematic review assesses the current evidence, and identifies gaps in knowledge, on the associations and interactions between social capital and socioeconomic inequalities in health. METHODS: Through this systematic review we identified studies on the interactions between social capital and socioeconomic inequalities in health published before July 2012. RESULTS: The literature search resulted in 618 studies after removal of duplicates, of which 60 studies were eligible for analysis. Self-reported measures of health were most frequently used, together with different bonding, bridging and linking components of social capital. A large majority, 56 studies, confirmed a correlation between social capital and socioeconomic inequalities in health. Twelve studies reported that social capital might buffer negative health effects of low socioeconomic status and five studies concluded that social capital has a stronger positive effect on health for people with a lower socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence for both a buffer effect and a dependency effect of social capital on socioeconomic inequalities in health, although the studies that assess these interactions are limited in number. More evidence is needed, as identified hypotheses have implications for community action and for action on the structural causes of social inequalities.Item Changing patterns of migration in Latin America: how can research develop intelligence for public health?(Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2013) Cabieses, Báltica; Tunstall, Helena; Pickett, Kate; Gideon, JasmineEn los últimos decenios, los modelos de migración en América Latina han cambiado significativamente, en particular desde el inicio de la recesión mundial en el 2007. Estos recientes cambios económicos han acentuado y exacerbado la insuficiencia de datos probatorios existentes en América Latina con respecto a la migración, un determinante crucial de la salud. Los modelos de migración están evolucionando constantemente en América Latina, pero la investigación en materia de migración no ha evolucionado a la misma velocidad. Este artículo se centra en la necesidad de un mayor conocimiento de las condiciones de vida y salud de las poblaciones migrantes en América Latina en el contexto de la reciente recesión mundial. Los autores explican cómo se podrían obtener nuevos datos sobre el bienestar de los inmigrantes mediante un mayor aporte de datos probatorios de los censos y las encuestas de investigación en curso para 1) informar mejor a las instancias normativas acerca de las necesidades de las poblaciones migrantes en América Latina; y 2) ayudar a determinar las mejores estrategias para llegar a los inmigrantes indocumentados. Es esencial llevar a cabo estudios longitudinales sobre los inmigrantes en América Latina con objeto de formular una mejor descripción de sus condiciones de vida y sus necesidades de salud durante las etapas iniciales de la inmigración y con el transcurso del tiempo. Para satisfacer esta necesidad, los autores alientan la promoción de fuentes sostenibles de información y datos probatorios sobre la compleja relación entre migración y salud.Item Comparing sociodemographic factors associated with disability between immigrants and the chilean-born: are there different stories to tell?(MDPI, 2012) Cabieses, Báltica; Pickett, Kate; Tunstall, HelenaThis study explored a range of sociodemographic factors associated with disability among international immigrants in Chile, and compared them to the Chilean-born. Secondary data analysis of the Chilean population-based survey CASEN-2006 was conducted (268,873 participants). Main health outcomes: any disability and six different types of disability: visual, hearing, learning, physical, psychiatric and speaking (binary outcomes). Sociodemographic variables: Demographic factors (age, sex, marital status, urban/rural, ethnicity), socioeconomic status (SES: income, education, employment status, and an integrated indicator combining the SES measures through cluster analysis for the immigrant population), material factors (overcrowding, sanitation, housing quality) and migration related (country of origin and length of stay). Immigrants reported a significantly lower prevalence of any disability (3.55%), visual (1.00%) and physical disability (0.38%). Factors associated with any disability among immigrants were age, low SES or over 20 years duration of residence in Chile; while a range of sociodemographic factors were associated with disability in the Chilean-born. Conditional regression models by age group varied between populations, but SES remained significantly associated with disability across immigrants and the Chilean-born. However, there are no similar patterns of factors associated to different types of disability between the populations under study. Factors associated with disability varied between populations under study, but SES showed a consistent association with any disability in immigrants and the Chilean-born. Types of disability showed different patterns of factors associated to them between populations, which suggest the great complexity of underlying mechanisms related to disability in Chile.Item Evaluación de la “paradoja latina” en Chile utilizando datos de la encuesta de salud de 2006(Sociedad Médica de Santiago, 2013) Cabieses, Báltica; Tunstall, Helena; Pickett, KateBackground: Several studies in high-income countries report better health status of immigrants compared to the local population (“healthy migrant” effect), regardless of their socioeconomic deprivation. This is known as the Latino paradox. Aim: To test the Latino paradox within Latin America by assessing the health of international immigrants to Chile, most of them from Latin American countries, and comparing them to the Chilean-born. Material and Methods: Secondary data analysis of the population-based CASEN survey-2006. Three health outcomes were included: disability, illness/accident, and cancer/chronic condition (dichotomous). Demographics (age, sex, marital status, urban/rural, ethnicity), socioeconomic-status (SES: educational level, employment status and household income per-capita), and material standards (overcrowding, sanitation, housing quality). Crude and adjusted weighted regression models were performed. Results: One percent of Chile’s population were immigrants, mainly from other Latin American countries. A “healthy migrant” effect appeared within the total immigrant population: this group had a significantly lower crude prevalence of almost all health indicators than the Chilean-born, which remained after adjusting for various demographic characteristics. However, this effect lost significance when adjusting by SES for most outcomes. The Latino paradox was not observed for international immigrants compared to the local population in Chile. Also, health of immigrants with the longest time of residency showed similar health rates to the Chilean-born. Conclusions: The Latino paradox was not observed in Chile. Protecting low SES immigrants in Chile could have large positive effects in their health at arrival and over time.Item “If I get sick here, I will never see my children again”: The mental health of international migrants during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile(2022) Blukacz, Alice; Cabieses, Báltica; Obach, Alexandra; Madrid, Paula; Carreño, Alejandra; Pickett, Kate; Markkula, NiinaBackground: The COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on the mental health of international migrants globally. Chile has managed its response to the pandemic in an ongoing context of social unrest and combined regional migratory and humanitarian crisis. The country's population presents a high prevalence of common mental disorders and a high suicide rate, with limited access to mental healthcare. International migrants in Chile represent 8% of the total population, and although a socioeconomically heterogenous group, they face social vulnerability, a range of mental health stressors and additional barriers to access mental healthcare. This study describes the mental health outcomes, stressors, response, and coping strategies perceived by international migrants during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile. Methods and findings: A qualitative case study was carried out through individual online interviews to 30 international migrants living in Chile during the pandemic and 10 experts of the social and health care sectors. An inductive content analysis was carried out, a process during which the researchers sought to identify patterns and themes derived from the data. Participants experienced mainly negative mental health outcomes, including anxiety and depression symptomatology. Stressors included the virus itself, work, living and socioeconomic conditions, discrimination, fear for their family and distance caring. Institutional responses to address the mental health of international migrants during the pandemic in Chile were limited and participants relied mainly on individual coping strategies. Conclusions: The pandemic can represent an important opportunity to strengthen mental health systems for the general population as well as for population groups experiencing social vulnerability, if the issues identified and the lessons learned are translated into action at national, regional, and international level. Promoting the mental health of international migrants means recognising migration as a social determinant of mental health and adopting a cross-cultural as well as a Human Rights approach.Item Testing the Latino paradox in Latin America: A population-based study of Intra-regional immigrants in Chile(Sociedad Médica de Santiago, 2013) Cabieses, Báltica; Tunstall, Helena; Pickett, KateAntecedentes: Hay estudios que informan un mejor estado de salud de los inmigrantes en comparación con la población local (efecto del "migrante sano"), independientemente de su posición socioeconómica (PSE). Esto se conoce como la paradoja latina. Objetivo: Probar la paradoja latina dentro de América Latina en Chile. Material y Métodos: Análisis secundario de datos de la encuesta CASEN 2006. Tres resultados de salud se incluyeron: discapacidad, enfermedad/accidente, cáncer/enfermedad crónica (variables dicotómicas). Se consideraron datos demográficos (edad, sexo, estado civil, zona urbana/rural, grupo étnico), PSE (nivel educativo, situación laboral y el ingreso familiar per cápita), y condiciones materiales (hacinamiento, saneamiento, calidad de la vivienda). Modelos de regresión ponderados crudos y ajustados fueron analizados en STATA 11.0. Resultados: El uno por ciento de la población de Chile eran inmigrantes, principalmente de otros países de América Latina. Un efecto de "inmigrante sano" apareció dentro de la población inmigrante total: este grupo tenía una prevalencia cruda significativamente menor que la población chilena en todos los indicadores de salud. Sin embargo, este efecto de migrante sano pierde su significación al ajustar por PSE. Además, la salud de los inmigrantes con más tiempo de residencia mostró tasas similares de salud a la de origen chileno. Conclusiones: La paradoja latina no se observó en Chile. La protección de los inmigrantes de baja PSE podría tener grandes efectos positivos en su salud.Item Understanding differences in access and use of healthcare between international immigrants to Chile and the Chilean-born: a repeated cross-sectional population-based study in Chile(BioMed Central, 2012) Cabieses, Báltica; Tunstall, Helena; Pickett, Kate; Gideon, JasmineIntroduction International evidence indicates consistently lower rates of access and use of healthcare by international immigrants. Factors associated with this phenomenon vary significantly depending on the context. Some research into the health of immigrants has been conducted in Latin America, mostly from a qualitative perspective. This population-based study is the first quantitative study to explore healthcare provision entitlement and use of healthcare services by immigrants in Chile and compare them to the Chilean-born. Methods Data come from the nationally representative CASEN (Socioeconomic characterization of the population in Chile) surveys, conducted in 2006 and 2009. Self-reported immigrants were compared to the Chilean-born, by demographic characteristics (age, sex, urban/rural, household composition, ethnicity), socioeconomic status (SES: education, household income, contractual status), healthcare provision entitlement (public, private, other, none), and use of primary services. Weighted descriptive, stratified and adjusted regression models were used to analyse factors associated with access to and use of healthcare. Results There was an increase in self-reported immigrant status and in household income inequality among immigrants between 2006 and 2009. Over time there was a decrease in the rate of immigrants reporting no healthcare provision and an increase in reporting of private healthcare provision entitlement. Compared to the Chilean-born, immigrants reported higher rates of use of antenatal and gynaecological care, lower use of well-baby care, and no difference in the use of Pap smears or the number of attentions received in the last three months. Immigrants in the bottom income quintile were four times more likely to report no healthcare provision than their equivalent Chilean-born group (with different health needs, i.e. vertical inequity). Disabled immigrants were more likely to have no healthcare provision compared to the disabled Chilean-born (with similar health needs, i.e. horizontal inequity). Factors associated with immigrants’ access to, and use of, healthcare were sex, urban/rural status, education and country of origin. Conclusion There were significant associations between SES, and access to and use of healthcare among immigrants in Chile and a higher prevalence of no health care provision entitlement among poor and disabled immigrants compared to the Chilean-born. Changing associations between access and use of healthcare and SES among immigrants in Chile over time may reflect changes in their socio-demographic composition or in the survey methodology between 2006 and 2009.Item Understanding the Socioeconomic Status of International Immigrants in Chile Through Hierarchical Cluster Analysis: a Population-Based Study(The Authors. International Migration © 2013 IOM, 2015) Cabieses, Báltica; Tunstall, Helena; Pickett, KateImmigration to Chile is not large (just under 2% of the total population) but has increased in recent years. This study aimed to analyse the socioeconomic status (SES) of immigrants in Chile and compare it with the Chilean-born, by secondary data analysis of an anonymous nationally representative survey (CASEN, 2006). Immigrants are categorized into Low, Medium and High SES through hierarchical cluster analysis. Around 1 per cent of the total sample are international immigrants; an additional 0.7 per cent did not report their migration status. Self-reported immigrants show great variability in their SES. Immigrants in the Low SES cluster appeared to be significantly younger than those in Medium and High SES, also more likely to be children, women and belong to an ethnic minority. Immigrants in the Low SES cluster appeared similar to the unemployed, poorest Chilean-born but are more than eight years younger on average and more likely to be female. Immigrants to Chile are a unique group, with socio-demographic characteristics that differ significantly from the Chilean-born population, but there is great heterogeneity and complexity within this group. Cluster analysis provided a meaningful interpretation of the multidimensional concept of SES and allowed the identification of a vulnerable group of Low SES immigrants to Chile.Item Using latent class analysis to develop a model of the relationship between socioeconomic position and ethnicity: cross-sectional analyses from a multi-ethnic birth cohort study(BioMed Central, 2014) Fairley, Lesley; Cabieses, Báltica; Small, Neil; Petherick, Emily; Lawlor, Debbie; Pickett, Kate; Wright, JohnBackground: Almost all studies in health research control or investigate socioeconomic position (SEP) as exposure or confounder. Different measures of SEP capture different aspects of the underlying construct, so efficient methodologies to combine them are needed. SEP and ethnicity are strongly associated, however not all measures of SEP may be appropriate for all ethnic groups. Methods: We used latent class analysis (LCA) to define subgroups of women with similar SEP profiles using 19 measures of SEP. Data from 11,326 women were used, from eight different ethnic groups but with the majority from White British (40%) or Pakistani (45%) backgrounds, who were recruited during pregnancy to the Born in Bradford birth cohort study. Results: Five distinct SEP subclasses were identified in the LCA: (i) “Least socioeconomically deprived and most educated” (20%); (ii) “Employed and not materially deprived” (19%); (iii) “Employed and no access to money” (16%); (iv) “Benefits and not materially deprived” (29%) and (v) “Most economically deprived” (16%). Based on the magnitude of the point estimates, the strongest associations were that compared to White British women, Pakistani and Bangladeshi women were more likely to belong to groups: (iv) “benefits and not materially deprived” (relative risk ratio (95% CI): 5.24 (4.44, 6.19) and 3.44 (2.37, 5.00), respectively) or (v) most deprived group (2.36 (1.96, 2.84) and 3.35 (2.21, 5.06) respectively) compared to the least deprived class. White Other women were more than twice as likely to be in the (iv) “benefits and not materially deprived group” compared to White British women and all ethnic groups, other than the Mixed group, were less likely to be in the (iii) “employed and not materially deprived” group than White British women. Conclusions: LCA allows different aspects of an individual’s SEP to be considered in one multidimensional indicator, which can then be integrated in epidemiological analyses. Ethnicity is strongly associated with these identified subgroups. Findings from this study suggest a careful use of SEP measures in health research, especially when looking at different ethnic groups. Further replication of these findings is needed in other populations.Item What are the living conditions and health status of those who don’t report their migration status? a population-based study in Chile(BioMed Central, 2012) Cabieses, Báltica; Pickett, Kate; Tunstall, HelenaBackground: Undocumented immigrants are likely to be missing from population databases, making it impossible to identify an accurate sampling frame in migration research. No population-based data has been collected in Chile regarding the living conditions and health status of undocumented immigrants. However, the CASEN survey (Caracterizacion Socio- Economica Nacional) asked about migration status in Chile for the first time in 2006 and provides an opportunity to set the base for future analysis of available migration data. We explored the living conditions and health of self-reported immigrants and respondents who preferred not to report their migration status in this survey. Methods: Cross-sectional secondary analysis of CASEN survey in Chile in 2006. Outcomes: any disability, illness/accident, hospitalization/surgery, cancer/chronic condition (all binary variables); and the number of medical/emergency attentions received (count variables). Covariates: Demographics (age, sex, marital status, urban/rural, ethnicity), socioeconomic status (education level, employment status and household income), and material standard of living (overcrowding, sanitation, housing quality). Weighted regression models were estimated for each health outcome, crude and adjusted by sets of covariates, in STATA 10.0. Results: About 1% of the total sample reported being immigrants and 0.7% preferred not to report their migration status (Migration Status - Missing Values; MS-MV). The MS-MV lived in more deprived conditions and reported a higher rate of health problems than immigrants. Some gender differences were observed by health status among immigrants and the MS-MV but they were not statistically significant. Regressions indicated that age, sex, SES and material factors consistently affected MS-MVs’ chance of presenting poor health and these patterns were different to those found among immigrants. Great heterogeneity in both the MS-MV and the immigrants, as indicated by wide confidence intervals, prevented the identification of other significantly associated covariates. Conclusion: This is the first study to look at the living conditions and health of those that preferred not to respond their migration status in Chile. Respondents that do not report their migration status are vulnerable to poor health and may represent undocumented immigrants. Surveys that fail to identify these people are likely to misrepresent the experiences of immigrants and further quantitative and qualitative research is urgently required.