Browsing by Author "Hoffmann, Marianela"
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Item Apego & Psicopatología: Una Revisión Actualizada Sobre los Modelos Etiológicos Parentales del Apego Desorganizado(2011) Lecannelier A., Felipe; Ascanio, Lorena; Flores Ocaranza, María Fernanda; Hoffmann, MarianelaUna de las actuales tendencias dentro de la Teoría del Apego consiste en la comprensión de las trayectorias desviadas en el desarrollo del vínculo, a saber, lo que se conoce como apego desorganizado (apego D). Dos décadas de investigación sobre los antecedentes y consecuentes de este tipo de apego han generado un importante acopio de conocimiento empírico y teórico. Sin embargo, en relación a los modelos etiológicos parentales que buscan explicar los procesos y mecanismos que generan que los niños desarrollen el apego D, la evidencia es contradictoria e incompleta. Dada la enorme relevancia que tiene para la elaboración de estrategias de intervención infantil poseer un conocimiento específi co y empíricamente validado sobre los procesos y mecanismos parentales predisponentes al desarrollo de la desorganización del vínculo, es que el presente artículo establece una revisión de los modelos disponibles con miras a aclarar el estado actual del conocimiento en esta temática.Item Chilean Adaptation and Validation of the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire-Revised Version(2017) Hoffmann, Marianela; J Carola, Pérez; García, Catalina; Rojas, Graciela; Martínez, VaniaThe aim of this study was to develop an adapted version of the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire-Revised (EATQ-R) that would be valid and reliable for assessing temperament and its components in Chileans between 12 and 18 years of age. Originally, Ellis and Rothbart (2001) developed this questionnaire (EATQ-R) to be used in North American adolescents. For the study in Chile, a translation protocol was developed, to maintain the original instrument’s cultural and linguistic equivalence in the adapted version. Psychometric properties of the EATQ-R, such as factor structure, internal consistency, and convergent validity, were also assessed. The adaption and validation was carried out in two stages, with two different studies. The first study, which included 612 adolescent students from educational establishments in the cities of Santiago and Concepcion, Chile, developed the Chilean version of the 83-item EATQ-R, which has 13 dimensions, belonging to 4 theoretical factors with adequate internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.79–0.82). The second study assessed the questionnaire’s convergent validity, through its application to 973 adolescent students in Santiago. Results show that the effortful control subscale was significantly inversely related to indicators of adolescent maladjustment, such as substance abuse and behavioral problems. In addition, it was directly associated with indicators of selfconcept, including self-esteem and self-efficacy. The opposite pattern was observed when considering negative affect. These findings coincide with current knowledge on the relationship between temperament and adjustment in adolescents.Item Drug Consumption in the Masculine School Population Using the Peer Methodology and the Standard Self Assessment Questionnaire(2011) Rodríguez T., Jorge; Valdés C., Macarena; Fernández, Ana María; Dalbosco R´., Daniela; Hoffmann, Marianela; Lee A., María Javiera; Flores Ocaranza, María Fernanda; Ramírez F., Rafael; Ramírez R., Enrica; Pruzzo G., MatíasThe objective of this study is to compare the declared licit and illicit drug consumption, between paired methodology (MP) and self assessed questionnaire (CAR). We suggest that understatement of illicit drug use will be minimized with the use of peer methodology, and that licit drug understatement will not he affected using peer methodology. The population of this study is composed by male school students ranging between middle and high School. The sample reached to 301 students. The results obtained regarding illicit drug consumption in the year. tend lobe higher using MP compared with the CAR. Similarly, last month consumption reached a higher prevalence using MP than using CAR. There are no significant differences in both samples. during both periods. Nevertheless, in the last 12 months, illicit drug consumption doubled the CAR report in comparison to MP. Regarding drug consumption in the last 30 days, the results also showed that CAR underestimated half of the rate stated using MP. Illicit drug consumption is significantly higher using MP, than CAR, in both periods that were studied. Illicit consumption rates of in the past year and in the last month are significantly higher using MP. particularly with Marihuana. There are no statistical differences in the same periods, regarding licit drug consumption rate, as alcohol and tobacco.Item Effects of an Intervention to Promote Socioemotional Development in Terms of Attachment Security: a Study in Early Institutionalization in Chile(2014) Lecannelier A., Felipe; Silva, Jaime R.; Hoffmann, Marianela; Melo, Rolando; Morales, RaquelThe Chilean government commissioned a quasi-experimental study with a pre-/postintervention design that had two general aims: (a) to assess infants’ psychoaffective developmental levels (pre-intervention phase) and (b) to evaluate whether an intervention based on the promotion of socioemotional development modifies the infant's psychoaffective development. Sixty-two institutionalized infants and their alternative caregivers were evaluated at a pre-intervention stage. An intervention then took place, with the caregivers trained according to an “attachment sensitivity manual.” Results showed normal ranges of psychomotor development (64% normal, 9% delayed) and a very high frequency of attachment insecurity, as compared to the normative population (53%).The intervention significantly improved social orientation and object orientation as well as activity and reactivity levels. We conclude that although institutionalized infants in Chile do not exhibit high levels of atypical attachment, socioemotional deterioration may lead to vulnerability in present and future development. Finally, the scope of this study affected public policies regarding children, initiating a change to a foster family system and a variety of modifications in the strategies for adopting institutionalized infants.Item Prevención, detección, tratamiento o seguimiento en salud mental de adolescentes a través del uso de Internet: una revisión sistemática cualitativa(2014) Hoffmann, Marianela; Rojas, Graciela; Martínez, VaniaBackground: The widespread use of INTERNET by adolescents, renders it a simple and accessible means for health care campaigns Aim: To perform a systematic review of ISI publications about INTERNET use for adolescent mental health prevention, detection, treatment or follow up. Material and Methods: Systematic reviews, meta analyses and controlled clinical trials in all languages were searched. Manuscripts without an abstract or only publishing the study design were excluded. All selected articles were critically read. Results: One hundred and five papers were found and 61 were excluded because they did not address the research question. Of the resting 44, only six complied with the search criteria among then, 3 articles correspond to systematic reviews addressing early intervention programs and mental hearth treatment based on Internet; the other 3 articles correspond to controlled clinical trials addressing treatment interventions of anxiety and depression and 1 address on depression prevention program. Conclusions: INTERNET facilitates the application of mental health promotion, prevention and intervention among adolescents. However the resource is still underused.Item Use of Internet for mental health programs aimed at adolescents(2014) Hoffmann, Marianela; Rojas, Graciela; Martínez, VaniaBackground: The widespread use of INTERNET by adolescents, renders it a simple and accessible means for health care campaigns Aim: To perform a systematic review of ISI publications about INTERNET use for adolescent mental health prevention, detection, treatment or follow up. Material and Methods: Systematic reviews, meta analyses and controlled clinical trials in all languages were searched. Manuscripts without an abstract or only publishing the study design were excluded. All selected articles were critically read. Results: One hundred and five papers were found and 61 were excluded because they did not address the research question. Of the resting 44, only six complied with the search criteria among then, 3 articles correspond to systematic reviews addressing early intervention programs and mental hearth treatment based on Internet; the other 3 articles correspond to controlled clinical trials addressing treatment interventions of anxiety and depression and I address on depression prevention program. Conclusions: INTERNET facilitates the application of mental health promotion, prevention and intervention among adolescents. However the resource is still underused.Item Validación del Cuestionario de Maltrato entre Iguales por Abuso de Poder (MIAP) para escolares(2011) Lecannelier A., Felipe; Varela, Jorge J.; Rodríguez T., Jorge; Hoffmann, Marianela; Flores Ocaranza, María Fernanda; Ascanio, LorenaBackground: Bullying is common in schools and has negative consequences. It can be assessed using a self-reported instrument. Aim: To validate a Spanish self-reporting tool called "Survey of High School Bullying Abuse of Power" (MIAP). Material and Methods: The instrument has 13 questions, of which 7 are multiple choice, rendering a total of 49 items. It was applied to 2.341 children of seventh and eighth grade attending private, subsidized and municipal schools in the city of Concepcion, Chile. Expert judge analysis and estimated reliability using the Cronbach Alpha were used to validate the survey. Results: The instrument obtained a Cronbach Alpha coefficient of 0.8892, classified as good. This analysis generated four scales that explained 30.9% of the variance. They were called "Witness Bullying" with 18 items, accounting for 11.4% of the variance, "Bullying Victim" with 12 items, accounting for 7.5% of the variance, "Bullying Perpetrator and Severe bullying Victim", with 10 items explaining 6.4% of the variance and "Aggressor Bullying" with 6 items accounting for 5.7% of the variance. Conclusions: The MIAP can recognize four basic factors that facilitate the analysis and understanding of bullying, with good levels of reliability and validity. The remaining questions also deliver valuable information. (Rev Med Chile 2011; 139: 474-479).