Browsing by Author "Guzmán, Eugenio"
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Publication Comparing experience- and description-based economic preferences across 11 countries(2024) Anlló, Hernán; Bavard, Sophie; Benmarrakchi, Fatima Ezzhra; Bonagura, Darla; Cerrotti, Fabien; Cicue, Mirona; Gueguen, Maelle; Guzmán, Eugenio; Kadieva, Dzerassa; Kobayashi, Maiko; Lukumon, Gafari; Sartorio, Marco; Yang, Jiong; Zinchenko, Oksana; Bahrami, Bahador; Silva, Jaime; Hertz, Uri; Konova, Anna B.; Li, Jian; O'Madagain, Cathal; Navajas, Joaquin; Reyes M., Gabriel; Sarabi-Jamab, Atiye; Shestakova, Anna; Sukumaran, Bhasi; Watanabe, Katsumi; Palminteri, StefanoRecent evidence indicates that reward value encoding in humans is highly context dependent, leading to suboptimal decisions in some cases, but whether this computational constraint on valuation is a shared feature of human cognition remains unknown. Here we studied the behaviour of n = 561 individuals from 11 countries of markedly different socioeconomic and cultural makeup. Our findings show that context sensitivity was present in all 11 countries. Suboptimal decisions generated by context manipulation were not explained by risk aversion, as estimated through a separate description-based choice task (that is, lotteries) consisting of matched decision offers. Conversely, risk aversion significantly differed across countries. Overall, our findings suggest that context-dependent reward value encoding is a feature of human cognition that remains consistently present across different countries, as opposed to description-based decision-making, which is more permeable to cultural factors.Item Desafíos internacionales de las estrategias nacionales de hidrógeno limpio: Los casos de Chile y Australia(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Gobierno, 2022-07) Cea Rojas, Alexandro Antonio; Guzmán, Eugenio; Bravo Rojas, MauricioFrente a la problemática mundial del calentamiento global, el hidrógeno limpio se posiciona como una potencial solución presentándose como un combustible alternativo a los fósiles con amplios beneficios económicos y medioambientales, tanto para los países que lo implementan como para la sostenibilidad ecosistémica del planeta en su totalidad. En este contexto, diversos países han iniciado el desarrollo de políticas nacionales de hidrógeno limpio con el objeto de impulsar sus propias transiciones energéticas. A través de un análisis comparado de las estrategias nacionales de Chile y Australia en la materia, el presente estudio demuestra que la política óptima para el aumento de la producción y exportación de H2 limpio a los mercados globales es una estrategia internacional conjunta basada en un enfoque cooperativo entre las políticas nacionalesItem First wave of SARS-CoV-2 in Santiago Chile: Seroprevalence, asymptomatic infection and infection fatality rate(2022) Vial, Pablo; González, Claudia; Apablaza, Mauricio; Vial, Cecilia; Lavín, M. Estela; Araos, Rafael; Rubilar, Paola; Icaza, Gloria; Florea, Andrei; Pérez, Claudia; Concha, Paula; Bastías, Diego; Errázuriz, María Paz; Pérez, Ruth; Guzmán, Francisco; Olea, Andrea; Guzmán, Eugenio; Correa, Juan; Munita, José; Aguilera, XimenaBackground: The first wave of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Chile occurred during the cold season reaching a peak by the end of June 2020, with 80 % of the cases concentrated in its capital, Santiago. The main objective of this study was to estimate the attack rate during this first wave of SARS-CoV-2 in a large, densely populated city with more than seven million inhabitants. Since the number of confirmed cases provides biased information due to individuals’ potential self-selection, mostly related to asymptomatic patients and testing access, we measured antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 to assess infection prevalence during the first wave in the city, as well as estimate asymptomatic cases, and infection fatality ratio. To our knowledge this is one of the few population-based cross- sectional serosurvey during the first wave in a highly affected emerging country. The challenges of pandemic response in urban settings in a capital city like Santiago, with heterogeneous subpopulations and high mobility through public transportation, highlight the necessity of more accurate information regarding the first waves of new emerging diseases. Methods: From April 24 to June 21, 2020, 1326 individuals were sampled from a long-standing panel of household representatives of Santiago. Immunochromatographic assays were used to detect IgM and IgG anti-body isotypes. Results: Seroprevalence reached 6.79 % (95 %CI 5.58 %− 8.26 %) in the first 107 days of the pandemic, without significant differences among sex and age groups; this figure indicates an attack rate 2.8 times higher than the one calculated with registered cases. It also changes the fatality rate estimates, from a 2.33 % case fatality rate reported by MOH to an estimated crude 1.00 % (CI95 % 0.97–1.03) infection fatality rate (adjusted for test performance 1.66 % [CI95 % 1.61–1.71]). Most seropositive were symptomatic (81,1 %). Conclusions: Despite the high number of cases registered, mortality rates, and the stress produced over the health system, the vast majority of the people remained susceptible to potential new epidemic waves. We contribute to the understanding of the initial spread of emerging epidemic threats. Consequently, our results provide better information to design early strategies that counterattack new health challenges in urban contexts.Item Reforma electoral y cuotas de género: efectos producidos en la participación efectiva de las Diputadas entre los años 2014 y 2019(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Gobierno, 2020) Andrade Gómez, Marcela Belén; Guzmán, Eugenio; Fernández, Miguel AngelHasta el momento, en Chile no se han realizado estudios extensos respecto de los efectos de la reforma electoral y cuotas legislativas luego de las elecciones del 2017. Los estudios más bien se han enfocado en el aumento de representantes femeninas, pero no en su participación y aporte en la Cámara de Diputados. Por lo que los resultados que se obtengan de esta investigación pueden ayudar a evaluar preliminarmente el efecto real de esta medida implementada, y así mejorar las políticas públicas de equidad de género en el país.Item Regularización del trabajador inmigrante irregular, en la región del Maule Sur(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Gobierno, 2023) Garrido Cáceres, Alamiro; Guzmán, Eugenio; Apablaza, MauricioEl presente estudio tiene por objetivo el dar a conocer la necesidad de crear políticas públicas migratorias con un enfoque ad hoc a las realidades sectoriales y regionales en materia laboral, con énfasis en la descentralización, respecto de la regularización del trabajador inmigrante indocumentado, en el rubro agrícola, considerándola escasez de mano obra en la región del Maule Sur y su estancamiento económico y de desarrollo. En este sentido, el establecer mecanismos de políticas migratorias descentralizadas permitiría optimizar los recursos, agilizar los tiempos de regularización, llenar los puestos de trabajo faltantes y generar actividad económica regional, a través de la cadena de producción y exportación.Item Seroprevalence, spatial distribution, and social determinants of SARS-CoV-2 in three urban centers of Chile(2022) Vial, Pablo; González, Claudia; Icaza, Gloria; Ramirez‐Santana, Muriel; Quezada‐Gaete, Rubén; Núñez‐Franz, Loreto; Apablaza, Mauricio; Vial, Cecilia; Rubilar, Paola; Correa, Juan; Pérez, Claudia; Florea, Andrei; Guzmán, Eugenio; Lavín, María Estela; Concha, Paula; Nájera, Manuel; Aguilera, XimenaBackground: Seroprevalence studies provide an accurate measure of SARS-CoV-2 spread and the presence of asymptomatic cases. They also provide information on the uneven impact of the pandemic, pointing out vulnerable groups to prioritize which is particularly relevant in unequal societies. However, due to their high cost, they provide limited evidence of spatial spread of the pandemic specially in unequal societies. Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Chile and model its spatial risk distribution. Methods: During Oct–Nov 2020, we conducted a population-based serosurvey in Santiago, Talca, and Coquimbo–La Serena (2493 individuals). We explored the individual association between positive results and socio-economic and health-related variables by logistic regression for complex surveys. Then, using an Empirical Bayesian Kriging model, we estimated the infection risk spatial distribution using individual and census information, and compared these results with ofcial records. Results: Seroprevalence was 10.4% (95% CI 7.8–13.7%), ranging from 2% (Talca) to 11% (Santiago), almost three times the number ofcially reported. Approximately 36% of these were asymptomatic, reaching 82% below 15 years old. Seroprevalence was associated with the city of residence, previous COVID-19 diagnosis, contact with confrmed cases (especially at household), and foreign nationality. The spatial model accurately interpolated the distribution of disease risk within the cities fnding signifcant diferences in the predicted probabilities of SARS-CoV-2 infection by census zone (IQR 2.5–15.0%), related to population density and education. Conclusions: Our results underscore the transmission heterogeneity of SARS-CoV-2 within and across three urban centers of Chile. Socio-economic factors and the outcomes of this seroprevalence study enable us to identify priority areas for intervention. Our methodological approach and results can help guide the design of interdisciplinary strate‐ gies for urban contexts, not only for SARS-CoV-2 but also for other communicable diseases.