Browsing by Author "Gallardo, Laura"

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    A Cross-Cutting Approach for Relating Anthropocene, Environmental Injustice and Sacrifice Zones
    (2022) Gayo, Eugenia M.; Muñoz, Ariel A.; Maldonado, Antonio; Lavergne, Céline; Francois, Jean Pierre; Rodríguez-Oroz, Delia; Klock-Barría, Karin; Sheppard, Paul R.; Aguilera-Betti, Isabella; Alonso-Hernández, Carlos; Mena-Carrasco, Marcelo; Urquiza, Anahí; Gallardo, Laura
    The Anthropocene is an uneven phenomenon. Accelerated shifts in the functioning of the Earth System are mainly driven by the production and consumption of wealthy economies. Social, environmental and health costs of such industrialization, however, bear on low-income communities inhabiting severely degraded territories by polluting activities (i.e., sacrifice zones). How global, national and local socioeconomic and governance processes have interacted in perpetuating socio-environmental inequalities in these territories has been rarely explored. Here, we develop an historical quantitative approach integrating a novel chemostratigraphic record, data on policy making, and socio-economic trends to evaluate the feedback relationship between environmental injustice and Anthropocene in sacrifice zones. We specifically outline a case study for the Puchuncaví valley -one of the most emblematic sacrifice zones from Chile-. We verify an ever-growing burden of heavy metals and metalloids over the past five decades paced by the staggering expansion of local industrial activities, which has ultimately been spurred by national and transnational market forces. Local poverty levels have declined concomitantly, but this path toward social equality is marginal as costs of pollution have grown through time. Indeed, national and international pollution control actions appear insufficient in mitigating the cumulative impact brought by highly toxic elements. Thus, our sub-decadal reconstruction for pollution trends over the past 136 years from a sediment record, emerges as a science-based tool for informing the discussion on Anthropocene governance. Furthermore, it helps to advance in the assessment of environmental inequality in societal models that prioritize economic growth to the detriment of socio-environmental security.
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    Photochemical sensitivity to emissions and local meteorology in Bogotá, Santiago, and São Paulo: An analysis of the initial COVID-19 lockdowns
    (2022) Seguel, Rodrigo J.; Gallardo, Laura; Osses, Mauricio; Rojas, Néstor Y.; Nogueira, Thiago; Menares, Cmilo; Andrade, María Fátima; Belalcázar, Luis C.; Carrasco, Paula; Eskes, Henk; Fleming, Zöe; Huneeus, Nicolás; Ibarra-Espinosa, Sergio; Landulfo, Eduardo; Leiva, Manuel; Mangones, Sonia C.; ernando G. Morais8 , Gregori A. Moreira11, Nicola´ s Pantoja3 , Santiago Parraguez1,12, Jhojan P. Rojas13, Roberto Rondanelli1,2, Izabel da Silva Andrade8 , Richard Toro9 ,; Moreira, Gregori A.; Pantoja, Nicolás; Parraguez, Santiago; Rojas, Jhojan P.; Rondanelli, Roberto; Silva Andrade, Izabel da; Toro, Richard; Yoshida, Alexandre C.
    This study delves into the photochemical atmospheric changes reported globally during the pandemic by analyzing the change in emissions from mobile sources and the contribution of local meteorology to ozone (O3) and particle formation in Bogotá (Colombia), Santiago (Chile), and São Paulo (Brazil). The impact of mobility reductions (50%–80%) produced by the early coronavirus-imposed lockdown was assessed through high-resolution vehicular emission inventories, surface measurements, aerosol optical depth and size, and satellite observations of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) columns. A generalized additive model (GAM) technique was also used to separate the local meteorology and urban patterns from other drivers relevant for O3 and NO2 formation. Volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) decreased significantly due to motorized trip reductions. In situ nitrogen oxide median surface mixing ratios declined by 70%, 67%, and 67% in Bogotá, Santiago, and São Paulo, respectively. NO2 column medians from satellite observations decreased by 40%, 35%, and 47%, respectively, which was consistent with the changes in mobility and surface mixing ratio reductions of 34%, 25%, and 34%. However, the ambient NO2 to NOx ratio increased, denoting a shift of the O3 formation regime that led to a 51%, 36%, and 30% increase in the median O3 surface mixing ratios in the 3 respective cities. O3 showed high sensitivity to slight temperature changes during the pandemic lockdown period analyzed. However, the GAM results indicate that O3 increases were mainly caused by emission changes. The lockdown led to an increase in the median of the maximum daily 8-h average O3 of between 56% and 90% in these cities.
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    Usos del servicios de salud en adultos mayores con discapacidad auditiva en Chile según la encuesta CASEN del año 2015
    (Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Medicina. Escuela de Enfermería, 2018) Améstica, Paulina; Becerra, Silvia; Cáceres, Consuelo; Gallardo, Laura; Venegas, Catalina; Améstica, Paulina; Becerra, Silvia; Cáceres, Consuelo; Gallardo, Laura; Venegas, Catalina; Osses Paredes, Claudio; Osses Paredes, Claudio
    El proceso de envejecimiento ha ido en aumento a nivel nacional e internacional. En Chile, la OMS determinó que para el 2025 habrá aproximadamente 1.200 millones de personas en el mundo mayores de 60 años. Dentro de las principales dificultades que presenta este grupo etario se encuentra la hipoacusia, dado que puede afectar de manera negativa la calidad de vida del paciente, provocando depresión, ansiedad e incluso aislamiento social debido a las dificultades en la comunicación con terceras personas. Es por ello, que se cree que las dificultades de acceso a servicios de salud en esta población han aumentado. Objetivo: Describir el uso de los servicios de salud en los adultos mayores con discapacidad auditiva en Chile en el año 2015. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal a partir de la encuesta CASEN en su versión 2015, a través del software SPSS se analizaron variables primarias y secundarias donde se efectuaron análisis de tendencia central y tablas de frecuencia representados en gráficos y tablas según la variable. Resultados: Según la encuesta CASEN el 5,9% de la población adulto mayor presenta discapacidad auditiva. Con respecto a los problemas de acceso se observó que no existe grandes dificultades, solo si se compara con adultos mayores sin hipoacusia hay una leve diferencia, principalmente problemas para llegar a la atención (16,5% versus 10,5%) y para la entrega de medicamentos (13,5% versus 48 10%). Conclusiones: La población adulto mayor con discapacidad auditiva presenta en general buen acceso a los servicios de salud

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