Browsing by Author "Frez, Jonathan"
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Item Accessibility to opportunities based on public transport gps-monitored data: The case of Santiago, Chile(2020) Basso, Franco; Frez, Jonathan; Martínez, Luis; Pezoa, Raúl; Varas, MauricioWe study buses' accessibility to education, health, and job opportunities in Santiago, Chile. Our approach computes travel times during a week using full real-world GPS data for the 6681 buses of the public transport system. The use of such disaggregated data allows us to calculate accessibility based on real operating conditions rather than planned schedules, as most previous contributions do. To develop our analysis, we divide the city into 1390 walkable zones, and we compute travel times between them. Then, we calculate the number of opportunities reachable from each zone to the rest of the zones, and we aggregate them at a municipality level. Our main finding is that public transport is not able to alleviate the inequality given by the geographical distribution of opportunities in the city. We also find that accessibility for public opportunities is quite more homogenous throughout the city compared to private opportunities. The center and north-east part of the city, where the wealthier municipalities locate, attain the highest levels of accessibility to jobs and private health institutions. The west part of the city shows worrying poor accessibility to complex hospitals, while the south part is excluded from job opportunities. Overall, policies should aim to mitigate these inequalities by improving the quality of public transport services. Conventional alternatives include increasing bus service frequency and expanding the dedicated infrastructure for public transport. In the long term, better city planning is required to facilitate spreading the opportunities all over the city.Publication Crowding on public transport using smart card data during the COVID-19 pandemic : New methodology and case study in Chile(2023) Basso, Franco; Hernández, Hugo; Frez, Jonathan; Leiva, Víctor; Pezoa, Raúl; Varas, MauricioMost crowding measures in public transportation are usually aggregated at a service level. This type of aggregation does not help to analyze microscopic behavior such as exposure risk to viruses. To bridge such a gap, our paper proposes four novel crowding measures that might be well suited to proxy virus exposure risk at public transport. In addition, we conduct a case study in Santiago, Chile, using smart card data of the buses system to compute the proposed measures for three different and relevant periods of the COVID-19 pandemic: before, during, and after Santiago’s lockdown. We find that the governmental policies diminished public transport crowding considerably for the lockdown phase. The average exposure time when social distancing is not possible passes from 6.39 min before lockdown to 0.03 min during the lockdown, while the average number of encountered persons passes from 43.33 to 5.89. We shed light on how the pandemic impacts differ across various population groups in society. Our findings suggest that poorer municipalities returned faster to crowding levels similar to those before the pandemic.