Browsing by Author "Dussaillant, Francisca"
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Item Alcohol's Harm to Others' Well-Being and Health: a Comparison Between Chile and Australia(2015) Dussaillant, Francisca; Fernández, Miguel AngelAims: To assess the degree to which relationships with heavy drinkers affect health and wellbeing of the Chilean population, and how this compares with previously published analyses of an Australian sample in order to establish intercultural differences in the effects of others' heavy drinking. Method: Data are from a face-to-face survey of 1500 Chileans. Respondents were asked to identify people in their lives who were heavy drinkers. Information on respondents' well-being and health was collected using the Personal Well-Being Index and the EuroQol Group 5- Dimension Self-Report Questionnaire score (EQ-5D) index. Sociodemographic information was also gathered. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine whether heavy drinkers in the respondents' lives (both living in or out of their household) were related to health and well-being. Results were contrasted with those for Australia reported by Livingston et al. [in (2010) Impact of heavy drinkers on others’ health and well-being. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 71, 778–785]. Results: Heavy drinkers inside the household negatively affect the health and well-being of Chileans. Heavy drinkers outside the household have a negative but smaller effect on their health and well-being. This contrasts with Australia where most of the harm seems to arise from heavy drinkers identified outside the household. Conclusions: In both countries, health and well-being are affected by others' heavy drinking. The particular structure of harm may vary across cultures: in Chile, heavy drinkers identified inside the household are the most harmful, whereas in Australia those identified outside the household are the most harmful. This should have an impact on the policy design.Item Análisis n° 18: Deserción escolar en Chile. Propuestas para la investigación y la política pública.(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Gobierno. Centro de Políticas Públicas., 2017-06) Dussaillant, FranciscaLa deserción es un problema de los sistemas escolares que está hoy día más vigente que nunca. Su estudio y prevención es prioridad incluso en los países más desarrollados, donde las cifras de deserción son más reducidas. Esto, porque la evidencia indica que el grupo de la población que no termina su educación secundaria tiene alto riesgo de caer y persistir en la pobreza, requerir soporte constante de la red de protección social, tener problemas de salud y exhibir conductas problemáticas o criminales de diversa índole. En Chile el problema está presente también y debe ser abordado con urgencia con medidas preventivas y reparativas. Este documento entrega luces sobre el perfil de los desertores en Chile en base a las Encuestas CASEN e INJUV, y muestra que estos se diferencian en una serie de atributos y valores. Pero no existe un solo o grupo de factores de riesgo para identificar a los potenciales desertores. Décadas de investigación sobre el fenómeno de la deserción han llevado a concluir que no existe una sola razón para desertar. El fenómeno de la deserción es multifactorial. Las razones para abandonar estudios son múltiples, por lo que identificar estudiantes en riesgo es un desafío para las escuelas. Los avances recientes en la Ciencia de Datos permite desarrollar algoritmos predictivos que podrían ser muy útiles para la detección precoz de potenciales desertores. Este tipo de herramienta debiera desarrollarse en Chile para ayudar a las escuelas a prevenir el problema de la deserción. El documento explica el surgimiento de esta línea de investigación en el mundo y reporta resultados incipientes en base a datos de encuestas Chilenas, explicando cuales son los requerimientos de datos y especificando algunos desafíos a enfrentar en un proyecto que busque predecir potenciales desertores de manera eficaz.Item Análisis n° 7: Políticas públicas de familia: una breve revisión(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Gobierno. Centro de Políticas Públicas, 2016-07) Dussaillant, FranciscaEn este documento se aborda el tema de las políticas de familia tal y como se conciben en el mundo hoy, y se intenta localizar a Chile dentro del concierto internacional. El objeto del trabajo es entregar un barniz introductorio sobre una temática que es de gran amplitud pero que no ha sido discutida de manera sistemática e integral en nuestro país. Los contenidos del trabajo corresponden, en su gran mayoría, a los presentados por la autora en el I Congreso Internacional de Políticas Públicas en Familia, organizado en 2015 por la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.Item Disasters as an Opportunity to Build Social Capital(2015) Dussaillant, Francisca; Guzmán Astete, EugenioWe study the enduring impact of disasters onsocial integrity by examining the after effects of the 2010 earthquake and tsunami on interpersonal trust, a common proxy for social capitalItem Does attending a selective secondary school improve student performance? Evidence from the Bicentenario schools in Chile(2019) Araya, Pablo; Dussaillant, FranciscaWe investigate the effect of attending selective secondary schools belonging to the Bicentenario schools program in Chile, a free education option that is intended to give vulnerable students everywhere in Chile a unique educational opportunity, in the period from 2011 to 2014. By using propensity score methods, we find that attending a Bicentenario school improves students’ performance by a range of 0.35 to 0.23 SD in language and 0.5 to 0.35 SD in math. Also, we show that a proportion of this effect is due to the outstanding performance of the new Bicentenario schools as opposed to the restructured version of the program. We prove the robustness of the previous results through falsification, changes-in-changes, and a more demanding control group. This paper adds new evidence to analyze the effect of selective schools in developing countries like Chile, where the quality of public education is low.Item Predicting posttraumatic stress disorder following a natural disaster(2018) Rosellini, Anthony J.; Dussaillant, Francisca; Zubizarreta, José R.; Kessler, Ronald C.; Rose, SherriEarthquakes are a common and deadly natural disaster, with roughly one-quarter of survivors subsequently developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite progress identifying risk factors, limited research has examined how to combine variables into an optimized post-earthquake PTSD prediction tool that could be used to triages survivors to mental health services. The current study developed a post-earthquake PTSD risk score using machine learning methods designed to optimize prediction. The data were from a two-wave survey of Chileans exposed to the 8.8 magnitude earthquake that occurred in February 2010. Respondents (n = 23,907) were interviewed roughly three months prior to and again three months after the earthquake. Probable post-earthquake PTSD was assessed using the Davidson Trauma Scale. We applied super learning, an ensembling machine learning method, to develop the PTSD risk score from 67 risk factors that could be assessed within one week of earthquake occurrence. The super learner algorithm had better cross-validated performance than the 39 individual algorithms from which it was developed, including conventional logistic regression. The super learner also had a better area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.79) than existing post-disaster PTSD risk tools. Individuals in the top 5%, 10%, and 20% of the predicted risk distribution accounted for 17.5%, 32.2%, and 51.4% of all probable cases of PTSD, respectively. In addition to developing a risk score that could be implemented in the near future, these results more broadly support the utility of super learning to develop optimized prediction functions for mental health outcomes. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Item Predicting Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Prevalence and Local Distribution after an Earthquake with Scarce Data(2017) Dussaillant, Francisca; Apablaza, MauricioAfter a major earthquake, the assignment of scarce mental health emergency personnel to different geographic areas is crucial to the effective management of the crisis. The scarce information that is available in the aftermath of a disaster may be valuable in helping predict where are the populations that are in most need. The objectives of this study were to derive algorithms to predict posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptom prevalence and local distribution after an earthquake and to test whether there are algorithms that require few input data and are still reasonably predictive. A rich database of PTS symptoms, informed after Chile’s 2010 earthquake and tsunami, was used. Several model specifications for the mean and centiles of the distribution of PTS symptoms, together with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevalence, were estimated via linear and quantile regressions. The models varied in the set of covariates included. Adjusted R2 for the most liberal specifications (in terms of numbers of covariates included) ranged from 0.62 to 0.74, depending on the outcome. When only including peak ground acceleration (PGA), poverty rate, and household damage in linear and quadratic form, predictive capacity was still good (adjusted R2 from 0.59 to 0.67 were obtained). Information about local poverty, household damage, and PGA can be used as an aid to predict PTS symptom prevalence and local distribution after an earthquake. This can be of help to improve the assignment of mental health personnel to the affected localities.Item The Determinants of Mental Health: Empirical Evidence from Chile(2016) Florenzano, Ramón; Dussaillant, FranciscaThe integration of physical and mental health services is based in recent neuroscientific findings and is validated by epidemiological findings. We use information from several Chilean national databases (OPHI, Oxford University; National Institute of Youth, United Nations Development Program) to study how physical and mental health relate to happiness. Our findings show that psychological problems decrease subjective well-being more than physical ones, both in adult and juvenile populations. In addition, physical and psychological problems are correlated. These results are important for public policies and health planning.Item The intergenerational transmission of maternal human capital and the gender gap in educational attainment(01/06/2011) Dussaillant, FranciscaAn intergenerational effect of maternal (and not paternal) human capital on offspring’s human capital production is a mechanism that induces males and females to attain different education levels. This mechanism allows for explanations of the reversal in the gender education gap. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]Item Trust via disasters: the case of Chile's 2010 earthquake(2014) Dussaillant, Francisca; Guzmán Astete, EugenioChile has a long-standing history of natural disasters and, in particular, earthquakes. The latest big earthquake hit Chile on 27 February 2010 with a magnitude of 8.8 on the Richter scale. As an event that had a profound impact on significant portions of the population, the earthquake could theoretically have served to build trust by promoting new trust networks through the enhancement of distant family ties and the interaction between affected neighbours. This study offers an empirical analysis of this theory in the Chilean case. It finds that if initial social capital is very low (thus allowing for postdisaster looting and violence), then the impact of the trust-increasing effect is smaller. It also shows that the effect of the disaster was not transitory, but that it persisted and actually increased over time.Item Usage of Child Care and Education Centers: The Proximity Factor(01/04/2016) Dussaillant, FranciscaThe Chilean Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey was used to model the choices made by households with respect to day care or preschool (DC/PS) attendance. We also use georeferenced data on the location of centers that could take care of children. We present a detailed analysis of the correlates of DC/PS attendance choices, giving special attention to the distance between the household and the center as predictors. For these purposes, the joint decision of child attendance to DC/PS and mother's employment is modeled. The measurement of this association is relatively new to the literature because it requires georeferenced data, which only recently have begun to be collected systematically by public policy agencies. The association we find between distance and attendance to DC/PS centers is significant but smaller than the association to the age of the child. Separate analyses for 0- to 14-month-olds and 25- to 54-month-olds show some heterogeneous effects on the joint decision of attendance and education.