Browsing by Author "Concha, Paula"
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Item First wave of SARS-CoV-2 in Santiago Chile: Seroprevalence, asymptomatic infection and infection fatality rate(2022) Vial, Pablo; González, Claudia; Apablaza, Mauricio; Vial, Cecilia; Lavín, M. Estela; Araos, Rafael; Rubilar, Paola; Icaza, Gloria; Florea, Andrei; Pérez, Claudia; Concha, Paula; Bastías, Diego; Errázuriz, María Paz; Pérez, Ruth; Guzmán, Francisco; Olea, Andrea; Guzmán, Eugenio; Correa, Juan; Munita, José; Aguilera, XimenaBackground: The first wave of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Chile occurred during the cold season reaching a peak by the end of June 2020, with 80 % of the cases concentrated in its capital, Santiago. The main objective of this study was to estimate the attack rate during this first wave of SARS-CoV-2 in a large, densely populated city with more than seven million inhabitants. Since the number of confirmed cases provides biased information due to individuals’ potential self-selection, mostly related to asymptomatic patients and testing access, we measured antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 to assess infection prevalence during the first wave in the city, as well as estimate asymptomatic cases, and infection fatality ratio. To our knowledge this is one of the few population-based cross- sectional serosurvey during the first wave in a highly affected emerging country. The challenges of pandemic response in urban settings in a capital city like Santiago, with heterogeneous subpopulations and high mobility through public transportation, highlight the necessity of more accurate information regarding the first waves of new emerging diseases. Methods: From April 24 to June 21, 2020, 1326 individuals were sampled from a long-standing panel of household representatives of Santiago. Immunochromatographic assays were used to detect IgM and IgG anti-body isotypes. Results: Seroprevalence reached 6.79 % (95 %CI 5.58 %− 8.26 %) in the first 107 days of the pandemic, without significant differences among sex and age groups; this figure indicates an attack rate 2.8 times higher than the one calculated with registered cases. It also changes the fatality rate estimates, from a 2.33 % case fatality rate reported by MOH to an estimated crude 1.00 % (CI95 % 0.97–1.03) infection fatality rate (adjusted for test performance 1.66 % [CI95 % 1.61–1.71]). Most seropositive were symptomatic (81,1 %). Conclusions: Despite the high number of cases registered, mortality rates, and the stress produced over the health system, the vast majority of the people remained susceptible to potential new epidemic waves. We contribute to the understanding of the initial spread of emerging epidemic threats. Consequently, our results provide better information to design early strategies that counterattack new health challenges in urban contexts.Item Nivel de conocimientos sobre los riesgos de la automedicación con AINEs en adultos de la Región Metropolitana(Universidad del Desarrollo, Facultad de Medicina, 2026) Pichaud, Renata; Candia, Francisca; Sottolichio, Fernanda; Castro, Martina; Concha, PaulaIntroducción: La automedicación en Chile, constituye un problema de salud pública debido a su alta prevalencia, fácil acceso y elevado nivel de consumo. Sin embargo, existe escasa evidencia sobre el conocimiento de los riesgos asociados a la automedicación con antiinflamatorios no esteroidales (AINEs). Objetivo: Describir el nivel de conocimiento sobre los riesgos de la automedicación con AINEs en adultos de 18 a 59 años de la Región Metropolitana durante 2026. Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y de corte transversal. Se aplicó una encuesta online autoadministrada a 180 participantes. El nivel de conocimiento se clasificó en cinco niveles según el porcentaje de respuestas correctas de un cuestionario de 12 preguntas, utilizando la escala de calificación establecida por el Ministerio de Educación para determinar los niveles de desempeño, analizándose además las variables sexo, edad, nivel educacional y fuentes de información. Resultados: La mayoría de los participantes presentó un nivel de conocimiento muy bueno o excelente. No obstante, se identificaron brechas en conocimientos específicos y algunas diferencias en cada variable. Discusión: Los resultados muestran un mayor nivel de conocimiento que el descrito en la literatura internacional; sin embargo, coinciden con estudios que describen diferencias en el conocimiento según características sociodemográficas. Conclusión: Si bien predominó un nivel de desempeño muy bueno o excelente, persisten brechas en contenidos específicos relacionados con el uso seguro de los AINEs. Estos resultados aportan evidencia local para orientar estrategias de educación sanitaria, fortalecer el rol de enfermería en la promoción del uso responsable de AINEs y servir para futuras investigaciones.Item Seroprevalence, spatial distribution, and social determinants of SARS-CoV-2 in three urban centers of Chile(2022) Vial, Pablo; González, Claudia; Icaza, Gloria; Ramirez‐Santana, Muriel; Quezada‐Gaete, Rubén; Núñez‐Franz, Loreto; Apablaza, Mauricio; Vial, Cecilia; Rubilar, Paola; Correa, Juan; Pérez, Claudia; Florea, Andrei; Guzmán, Eugenio; Lavín, María Estela; Concha, Paula; Nájera, Manuel; Aguilera, XimenaBackground: Seroprevalence studies provide an accurate measure of SARS-CoV-2 spread and the presence of asymptomatic cases. They also provide information on the uneven impact of the pandemic, pointing out vulnerable groups to prioritize which is particularly relevant in unequal societies. However, due to their high cost, they provide limited evidence of spatial spread of the pandemic specially in unequal societies. Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Chile and model its spatial risk distribution. Methods: During Oct–Nov 2020, we conducted a population-based serosurvey in Santiago, Talca, and Coquimbo–La Serena (2493 individuals). We explored the individual association between positive results and socio-economic and health-related variables by logistic regression for complex surveys. Then, using an Empirical Bayesian Kriging model, we estimated the infection risk spatial distribution using individual and census information, and compared these results with ofcial records. Results: Seroprevalence was 10.4% (95% CI 7.8–13.7%), ranging from 2% (Talca) to 11% (Santiago), almost three times the number ofcially reported. Approximately 36% of these were asymptomatic, reaching 82% below 15 years old. Seroprevalence was associated with the city of residence, previous COVID-19 diagnosis, contact with confrmed cases (especially at household), and foreign nationality. The spatial model accurately interpolated the distribution of disease risk within the cities fnding signifcant diferences in the predicted probabilities of SARS-CoV-2 infection by census zone (IQR 2.5–15.0%), related to population density and education. Conclusions: Our results underscore the transmission heterogeneity of SARS-CoV-2 within and across three urban centers of Chile. Socio-economic factors and the outcomes of this seroprevalence study enable us to identify priority areas for intervention. Our methodological approach and results can help guide the design of interdisciplinary strate‐ gies for urban contexts, not only for SARS-CoV-2 but also for other communicable diseases.