Browsing by Author "Candia, Roberto"
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Item Consenso chileno de prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la diarrea asociada a Clostridium difficile(Sociedad Chilena de Infectología, 2016) Hernández-Rocha, Cristián; Pidal, Paola; Ajenjo, Cristina; Quera, Rodrigo; Quintanilla, Marcela; Lubascher, Jaime; Jemenao, Irene; Ibáñez, Patricio; Álvarez-Lobos, Manuel; Diomedi, Alexis; Marcotti, Alejandra; Acuña, Mirta; Arab, Juan; Riquelme, Arnoldo; Candia, Roberto; Carvajal, SergioBackground: Clostridium dijfficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) has become very important due to the increase in its incidence, severity, recurrence and the associated economic burden. Having a national consensus guideline is essential to improve its management. Objective: To build a multidisciplinary and evidence-based consensus in prevention, diagnosis and treatment of CDAD. Methods: We convened a panel of experts in the field of infectious diseases, gastroenterology, evidence-based medicine and consensus methodology. The panel conducted a structured review of published literature in CDAD evaluating evidence levels and recommendation degree according to the methodology proposed by the GRADE working-group. A modified three-round Delphi technique was used to reach a consensus among the experts. Results: A group of 16 experts was established, 12 of them answered 18 clinically relevant questions. The levels of agreement achieved by the panel of 16 experts were 79% in the first round and 100% in the second and third round. The main consensus recommendations in prevention are: restricting the use of proton-pump inhibitors, primary prophylaxis with probiotics in antibiotics users, education of health personnel, isolation for patients hospitalized with CDAD, and cleaning the rooms exposed to C. difficile with products based in chlorine or hydrogen peroxide. In the diagnosis: use of biology molecular-based techniques is preferred and if not available, glutamate dehydrogenase-based algorithms may be recommended. With regard to treatment: the use of oral metronidazole in mild-moderate CDAD and oral vancomycin in severe CDAD are recommended. Treat the first recurrence with the same antibiotics according to severity. In the case of second and subsequent recurrences consider prolonged therapy with vancomycin, rifaximin or fecal microbiota transplant. Conclusion: The first Chilean consensus on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of CDAD is presented, which is a major step in improving national standards in the management of this disease.Item Management of Helicobacter pylori infection in Latin America: A Delphi technique-based consensus(Baishideng Publishing Group, 2014) Rollan, Antonio; Arab, Juan; Camargo, Constanza; Candia, Roberto; Harris, Paul; Ferreccio, Catterina; Rabkin, Charles; Gana, Juan; Cortés, Pablo; Herrero, Rolando; Durán, Luisa; García, Apolinaria; Toledo, Claudio; Espino, Alberto; Lustig, Nicole; Sarfatis, Alberto; Figueroa, Catalina; Torres, Javier; Riquelme, ArnoldoAIM: To optimize diagnosis and treatment guidelines for this geographic region, a panel of gastroenterologists, epidemiologists, and basic scientists carried out a structured evaluation of available literature. METHODS: Relevant questions were distributed among the experts, who generated draft statements for consideration by the entire panel. A modified three-round Delphi technique method was used to reach consensus. Critical input was also obtained from representatives of the concerned medical community. The quality of the evidence and level of recommendation supporting each statement was graded according to United States Preventive Services Task Force criteria. RESULTS: A group of ten experts was established. The survey included 15 open-ended questions that were distributed among the experts, who assessed the articles associated with each question. The levels of agreement achieved by the panel were 50% in the first round, 73.3% in the second round and 100% in the third round. Main consensus recommendations included: (1) when available, urea breath and stool antigen test (HpSA) should be used for non-invasive diagnosis; (2) detect and eradicate Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in all gastroscopy patients to decrease risk of peptic ulcer disease, prevent o retard progression in patients with preneoplastic lesions, and to prevent recurrence in patients treated for gastric cancer; (3) further investigate implementation issues and health outcomes of H. pylori eradication for primary prevention of gastric cancer in high-risk populations; (4) prescribe standard 14-d triple therapy or sequential therapy for first-line treatment; (5) routinely assess eradication success post-treatment in clinical settings; and (6) select second- and third-line therapies according to antibiotic susceptibility testing. CONCLUSION: These achievable steps toward better region-specific management can be expected to improve clinical health outcomes.Item Management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: An evidence-based clinical practice review(WJG Press, 2014) Arab, Juan; Candia, Roberto; Zapata, Rodrigo; Muñoz, Cristián; Arancibia, Juan; Poniachik, Jaime; Soza, Alejandro; Fuster, Francisco; Brahm, Javier; Sanhueza, Edgar; Contreras, Jorge; Cuellar, Carolina; Arrese, Marco; Riquelme, ArnoldoAIM: To build a consensus among Chilean specialists on the appropriate management of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in clinical practice. METHODS: NAFLD has now reached epidemic proportions worldwide. The optimal treatment for NAFLD has not been established due to a lack of evidence-based recommendations. An expert panel of members of the Chilean Gastroenterological Society and the Chilean Hepatology Association conducted a structured analysis of the current literature on NAFLD therapy. The quality of the evidence and the level of recommendations supporting each statement were assessed according to the recommendations of the United States Preventive Services Task Force. A modified three-round Delphi technique was used to reach a consensus among the experts. RESULTS: A group of thirteen experts was established. The survey included 17 open-ended questions that were distributed among the experts, who assessed the articles associated with each question. The levels of agreement achieved by the panel were 93.8% in the first round and 100% in the second and third rounds. The final recommendations support the indication of lifestyle changes, including diet and exercise, for all patients with NAFLD. Proven pharmacological therapies include only vitamin E and pioglitazone, which can be used in nondiabetic patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (the progressive form ofNAFLD), although the long-term safety and efficacy of these therapies have not yet been established. CONCLUSION: Current NAFLD management is rapidly evolving, and new pathophysiology-based therapies are expected to be introduced in the near future. All NAFLD patients should be evaluated using a three-focused approach that considers the risks of liver disease, diabetes and cardiovascular events.Publication Terapias cuádruples son superiores a terapia triple estándar en primera línea de erradicación de Helicobacter pylori en Chile(2022) Reyes, Diego; Ortiz, Javier; Fuentes-López, Eduardo; Budnik, Sigall; Gándara, Vicente; Gallardo, Andrea; Seydewitz, María Francisca; Candia, Roberto; Vargas, José Ignacio; Rollan, María Paz; Godoy, Javiera; Rollan, Antonio; Mansilla, Rodrigo; Arenas, Alex; Chahuán, Javier; Espino, Alberto; Pizarro, Margarita; Riquelme, ArnoldoIntroducción: La infección por Helicobacter pylori afecta aproximadamente al 70% de lapoblación chilena. Es un problema de salud pública cuyo tratamiento de erradicación formaparte de políticas públicas en Chile.Objetivos: Caracterizar los esquemas de erradicación de primera línea de H. pylori más uti-lizados en nuestro medio y evaluar su eficacia.Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo donde, en pacientes con infecciónpor H. pylori certificada, se evaluó el esquema de erradicación indicado por el médico tratante,su eficacia, adherencia y efectos adversos.Resultados: Se analizaron 242 pacientes y 4 esquemas de erradicación; terapia triple estándar,terapia dual, concomitante y cuadriterapia con bismuto. Se observaron tasas de erradicaciónde 81,9% (IC 95% 74,44---87,63), 88,5% (IC 95% 73,13---95,67), 93,7% (IC 95% 78,07---98,44) y 97,6%(IC 95% 84,81---99,67) respectivamente, siendo más eficaces la terapia concomitante (RR: 1,14;IC 95% 1,01---1,29; p = 0,028) y cuadriterapia con bismuto (RR: 1,19; IC 95% 1,09---1,31; p <0,001) que la triple terapia estándar. La tasa de efectos adversos reportados fue de 58,5%(IC 95% 50,66---65,92), 35,4% (IC 95% 24,6---48,11), 22,9% (IC 95% 11,81---37,14) y 63,4% (IC95% 47,8---76,64), para la terapia triple estándar, dual, concomitante, y cuádruple con bis-muto, respectivamente. La terapia dual y concomitante tuvieron menos efectos adversos encomparación con la terapia estándar.Conclusiones: Las cuadriterapias son superiores a la triple terapia estándar por lo que deberíanser consideradas como tratamiento de primera línea en Chile. La terapia dual es promisoria.Más estudios serán requeridos para determinar qué esquemas son más costo-efectivos.© 2021 Elsevier Espa˜na, S.L.U. Todos los derechos reservados.Item Use of N-acetylcysteine plus simethicone to improve mucosal visibility during upper GI endoscopy: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial(2018) Monrroy, Hugo; Vargas, José; Glasinovic, Esteban; Candia, Roberto; Azúa, Emilio; Gálvez, Camila; Cabrera, Natalia; Vidaurre, Josefa; Álvarez, Natalia; González, Jessica; Espino, Alberto; González, Robinson; Parra, AdolfoBackground and aim: Upper GI endoscopy (UGE) is essential for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases. Mucus and bubbles may decrease mucosal visibility. The use of mucolytics could improve visualization. Our aim was to determine whether premedication with simethicone or simethicone plus N-acetylcysteine is effective in improving visibility during UGE. Methods: This was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial with 2 control groups: no intervention and water 100 mL (W); and 3 intervention groups: simethicone 200 mg (S); S + N-acetylcysteine (NAC) 500 mg (S+NAC500); and S + NAC 1000 mg (S+NAC1000). The solution was ingested 20 minutes before UGE. Gastric visibility was evaluated in 4 segments with a previously described scale. A score of less than 7 points was defined as adequate visibility (AV). Water volume was used to improve visibility, and adverse reactions were evaluated as a secondary outcome. Multiple group comparison was performed using non-parametric one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: Two hundred thirty patients were included in the study, 68% female, mean age 49 years. The most common indication for UGE was epigastric pain/dyspepsia (33%). AV was more frequent in the S+NAC500 and S+NAC1000 groups (65% and 67%) compared with no intervention (44%, P = .044) and water (41%, P = .022). The gastric total visibility scale (TVS) was significantly better in the S+NAC500 and S+NAC1000 groups compared with water (P = .03 and P = .008). Simethicone was not different from no intervention and water. S+NAC1000 required less water volume to improve visibility. No adverse reactions from the study drugs were observed. Conclusions: Premedication with S+NAC500 and S+NAC1000 improves visibility during UGE. The use of simethicone did not show improvements in gastric visibility. TVS was worse in patients using water alone. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT 01653171.).