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Advances in the Sustainable Development of Biobased Materials Using Plant and Animal Waste as Raw Materials: A Review
(2024) Salazar Sandoval, Sebastián Andrés; Amenábar, Alejandra; Toledo, Ignacio; Silva, Nataly; Contreras, Paulina
There is substantial concern about critical environmental problems related to waste in production sectors such as textile, construction, and packaging. The materials ascribed to the sector’s unsustainability are primarily fabrics, plastic, and hazardous solvents, making developing new biobased materials imperative. As such, various strategies have been investigated to convert and recycle waste and give them commercial value via the manufacture of biobased materials. This review discusses the various types of raw materials as sources to develop new biobased materials that could promote the transition toward sustainability. According to the literature, the functional qualities of biobased materials are comparable to those of synthetic materials. Raw material sources such as biomass, derived from plant and animal-based waste, are attractive due to their low cost, abundance, and biodegradability. The manufacture of biomaterials, as well as their characterization and performance, are also discussed. Further, this review will offer a comprehensive view of the potential applicability and current commercial applications of the developed biobased materials in relevant areas such as packaging, construction, textile, and wastewater remediation. This could be a potential field of research to address the environmental challenges posed by the continuous growth of the global population.
Copper-Modified Cellulose Paper: A Comparative Study of How Antimicrobial Activity Is Affected by Particle Size and Testing Standards
(2025) Ramírez, Sara; Zúñiga, Fabián; Amenábar, Alejandra; Contreras, Paulina; Benavides, Viviana; Norambuena, Javiera; Martínez, Jessica; Silva, Nataly
This study aims to provide evidence that when testing cellulose paper modified with copper particles (CuPs), the particle size and the analysis method influence the antimicrobial activity observed by this material. Commercial CuPs of nanometric size (2.7 nm, CuNPs) and micrometric size (2.5 μm, CuMPs) were used to modify cellulose paper sheets. CuPs were incorporated during the pulp disintegration phase (stage 1) of the sheet formation process, according to the ISO 5269-1:2005 standard. Modified paper sheets retained 16% and 14% of CuNPs and CuMPs, respectively. Additionally, CuPs were distributed randomly on the fiber surfaces, often forming aggregates. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of the modified paper sheets was evaluated using ISO 20645:2004 and ISO 20743:2013. The results showed that the antimicrobial activity assessed using each standard method is conditioned by the mechanism of action of the CuPs and, therefore, by their size. It was concluded that ISO 20645:2004 is suitable for evaluating the antibacterial effect of paper/CuNPs, as nanoparticles diffuse from the paper and are released into the culture medium. In contrast, ISO 20743:2013 can be used for both CuNP- and CuMP-based paper, as it evaluates the antibacterial effect based on the direct interaction between the copper particle and the bacteria
Correlation between the concentration and morphology of copper microparticles and their biocidal effect on paper sheets
(2020-03) Contreras, Paulina; Amenábar, Alejandra; Apablaza, V.; Martínez, J.; Lavín, R.; Silva, Nataly
In this study, different methods for incorporating mixed or laminar copper microparticles (CuMPs) during papermaking were evaluated to determine the optimum paper-making process and correlate particle concentration and shape with antimicrobial activity. The addition of CuMPs during the disintegration of dry pulp stage was observed to produce a paper with uniformly distributed CuMPs, as determined through optical microscopy and UV–Vis spectroscopy analyses by measuring absorbance spectra in different areas of papers. Determination of two indices related to the concentration and distribution of copper will allow to predict the copper content in other papers. CuMP-paper samples were evaluated for structural, optical, and mechanical strength properties according to paper industry standards. Quantitative analyses by atomic absorption showed that between 24 and 39% of CuMPs were embedded in the paper fibre, independent of particle type. Finally, antibacterial activity analyses were performed according to ISO 20645 and ISO 20743. The results showed that papers with 0.30 g of incorporated CuMPs have antimicrobial activity, independent of particle morphology, with effects observed towards Gram (+) and Gram (−) bacteria and fungus. Furthermore, the evaluation of antimicrobial activity at different times of exposure to the microorganisms showed differences in effects that were dependent on the shape of the CuMPs incorporated into paper, where laminar particles exerted a sufficient effect, while no or a slight effect was observed for mixed CuMPs against Aspergillus niger.
Design educators in the 21st century: Applying The Compass methodology to prepare future designers as changemakers in a culture of resilience.
(2021) Cortés, Catalina; Amenábar, Alejandra
Design education faces new challenges due to the growing globalization, dynamism of markets, the development of technology and high levels of complexity in various systems. The Circular Economy has been proposed as a restoration concept that implies reusing materials, using renewable energies and reducing waste. Designers have the opportunity of leading sustainable innovation by considering the long-term implications of their actions. Design educators should focus on teaching future designers to think critically to fulfil the responsibility of designing a sustainable world. Nineteen instructors at our design school were certified by The Index Project® to teach the Compass® methodology. This paper describes major takeaways self-reported by the participating instructors through the final article assignment delivered to Index. Findings from each article were classified and compared using a matrix to determine common and individual discoveries. Data analysis enabled us to identify successful aspects of the methodology when applied to the variety of cases and areas of improvement for future development. The Compass proved to be a flexible frame of action to organize, structure and manage the design process. The fundamental aspect valued by instructors and students is the focus of the method on maintaining coherence between FORM, IMPACT and CONTEXT throughout the design projects.
Upcycling Salmon Skin Waste: Sustainable Bio-Sequins and Guanine Crystals for Eco-Friendly Textile Accessories
(2024) Clavel, Valentina; Salazar Sandoval, Sebastián Andrés; Silva, Nataly; Araya-Hermosilla, Rodrigo; Amenábar, Alejandra; Contreras, Paulina
The significant environmental impact from fashion and textile industries has spurred interest in sustainable alternatives, especially for accessories like sequins and beads, whose usage has surged post-pandemic. This study explores the potential of utilizing salmon industry waste from Chile to produce bio-sequins (BS) and guanine crystals (GC) from salmon skin. The production of BS offers a strategy to reduce reliance on non-renewable resources and support sustainable waste management, as these materials decompose naturally without harmful residues. Physicochemical and mechanical characterization of the BS by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), evaluated their feasibility for textile, design, and fashion applications. Additionally, GC were extracted from salmon scales using less hazardous solvents such as acetone, ethanol, and acetic acid, and subsequently immobilized on the BS for decorative purposes. Notably, tensile mechanical properties of the BS improved up to 75% after guanine decoration and exposure to simulated environmental factors like UV radiation. This work addresses the dual challenge of pollution and resource depletion, demonstrating that BS from salmon skin offer an eco-friendly alternative. It underscores the importance of adopting sustainable practices throughout the fashion industry’s production chain

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