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Author Correction: The roles of age, gender, and migration in shaping adolescent student satisfaction within Chilean schools
(2024-08-19) Céspedes, Cristian; Leigh, Camila; Leigh, Enrique; Leihy, Peodair; Fuentealba-Urra, Sergio; Rubio, Andrés; Roy, Damarys
Acute activation of hemichannels by ethanol leads to Ca2+ -dependent gliotransmitter release in astrocytes
(2024) Gómez, Gonzalo I.; García-Rodríguez, Claudia; Marillán, Jesús E.; Vergara, Sergio A.; Alvear, Tanhia F.; Farias-Pasten, Arantza; Sáez, Juan C.; Retamal, Mauricio A.; Rovegno, Maximiliano; Ortiz, Fernando C.; Orellana, Juan A.
Multiple studies have demonstrated that acute ethanol consumption alters brain function and cognition. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain poorly understood. Astrocyte-mediated gliotransmission is crucial for hippocampal plasticity, and recently, the opening of hemichannels has been found to play a relevant role in this process. Hemichannels are plasma membrane channels composed of six connexins or seven pannexins, respectively, that oligomerize around a central pore. They serve as ionic and molecular exchange conduits between the cytoplasm and extracellular milieu, allowing the release of various paracrine substances, such as ATP, D-serine, and glutamate, and the entry of ions and other substances, such as Ca2+ and glucose. The persistent and exacerbated opening of hemichannels has been associated with the pathogenesis and progression of several brain diseases for at least three mechanisms.
The roles of age, gender, and migration in shaping adolescent student satisfaction within Chilean schools
(2024-06-17) Céspedes, Cristian; Leigh, Camila; Leigh, Enrique; Leihy, Peodair; Fuentealba-Urra, Sergio; Rubio, Andrés; Roy , Damarys
This study has a quantitative cross-sectional design that aims to investigate the relationships between gender, age, status (migrant or Chilean-born), educational satisfaction, and overall life satisfaction among adolescent students in 7th and 8th grades of the Chilean educational system. The sample includes 406 students from four municipal public educational centers located in the Santiago district of the Metropolitan Region of Chile, with at least 20% migrant enrollment. The data were analyzed using quantitative methods using the R language, with descriptive analysis, cross-tabulation analysis, and independence tests. The packages used were: ggplot2, tidyverse and ggstatplot. The study found that age has an impact on the level of satisfaction with education and relationships formed with peers. Specifically, younger students expressed higher levels of satisfaction in these areas compared to older students. Moreover, foreign students showed a statistically significant difference in relation to age range, suggesting that as these students grow older, they tend to become less satisfied with the relationships they form with their classmates. In contrast, no statistically significant difference was found among Chilean students, indicating that the findings discussed here may not be generalizable to this specific population. The analysis also indicates a significant difference in the entire sample, suggesting a correlation between age range and level of satisfaction with schooling.
Priorities for hearing loss prevention and estimates of global cause-specific burdens of hearing loss: a systematic rapid review
(2024) Prasad, Kavita; Borre, Ethan; Dillard, Lauren; Ayer, Austin; Der, Carolina; Bainbridge, Kathleen; McMahon, Catherine; Tucci, Debara; Wilson, Blake; Sanders, Gillian; Saunders, James
Background: Hearing loss affects approximately 1·6 billion individuals worldwide. Many cases are preventable. We aimed to estimate the annual number of new hearing loss cases that could be attributed to meningitis, otitis media, congenital rubella syndrome, cytomegalovirus, and ototoxic medications, specifically aminoglycosides, platinum-based chemotherapeutics, and antimalarials.
Methods: We used a targeted and a rapid systematic literature review to calculate yearly global incidences of each cause of hearing loss. We estimated the prevalence of hearing loss for each presumed cause. For each cause, we calculated the global number of yearly hearing loss cases associated with the exposure by multiplying the estimated exposed population by the prevalence of hearing loss associated with the exposure, accounting for mortality when warranted.
Findings: An estimated 257·3 million people per year are exposed to these preventable causes of hearing loss, leading to an estimated 33·8 million new cases of hearing loss worldwide per year. Most hearing loss cases were among those with exposure to ototoxic medications (19·6 million [range 12·6 million-27·9 million] from short-course aminoglycoside therapy and 12·3 million from antimalarials). We estimated that 818 000 cases of hearing loss were caused by otitis media, 346 000 by meningitis, 114 000 by cytomegalovirus, and 59 000 by congenital rubella syndrome.
Interpretation: The global burden of preventable hearing loss is large. Hearing loss that is attributable to disease sequelae or ototoxic medications contributes substantially to the global burden of hearing loss. Prevention of these conditions should be a global health priority.
Funding: The US National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders and the US National Institute on Aging.
Nuevos horizontes del manejo nutricional clínico en hipotiroidismo
(2024-06) Yañez-Barros, Edson; Santillana-Tobar, Natalia; Hernández-Madrid, Judith; Briones-Suarez, Lautauro; Bórquez-Pérez, Juan; Ramírez-Araya, Luisa Amanda
El hipotiroidismo es una enfermedad endocrina frecuente en la población, que deriva de una disminución de la función de la glándula tiroides y afecta la producción de hormonas tiroideas. Esta patología tiene diversas implicancias para la salud, y su gestión clínica va más allá del tratamiento farmacológico convencional. La nutrición está fuertemente relacionada con la función de la glándula tiroides, sin embargo, no se han propuesto recomendaciones nutricionales sustentadas en la evidencia científica actual. La presente revisión aborda en primera instancia la patogenia del hipotiroidismo, seguido de un abordaje actualizado de nutrientes y alimentos asociados a la función tiroidea.
Author Correction: the BrainLat project, a multimodal neuroimaging dataset of neurodegeneration from underrepresented backgrounds
(2024) Prado, Pavel; Medel, Vicente; González, Raúl; Sainz, Agustín; Vidal, Víctor; Santamaría, Hernando; Moguilner, Sebastián; Mejía, Jhony; Slachevsky Chonchol, Andrea; Behrens, Maria Isabel; Aguillón, David; Lopera, Francisco; Parra, Mario; Matallana, Diana; Adrián, Marcelo; García, Adolfo; Custodio, Nilton; Ávila, Alberto; Piña, Stefanie; Birba, Agustina; Fittipaldi, Sol; Legaz, Agustina; Ibáñez, Agustín
In this article the author name Maria Isabel Behrens was incorrectly written as Maria Isabel Beherens. The original article has been corrected.
Complex externalities: introduction to the special issue
(2024) Paniagua, Pablo; Rayamajhee, Veeshan; Murtazashvili, Ilia
collection of essays extends analytical bridges between public choice, property rights economics, and new institutional economics. The essays question many of our prevailing assumptions behind the standard conceptualization of externalities. They also offer pragmatic and theoretical alternatives and apply these insights to analyze radio spectrum, environmental pollution, intellectual property, and public health issues. These essays demonstrate the ongoing significance of public choice in addressing society’s most pressing challenges
Governing the global fisheries commons
(2014) Paniagua, Pablo; Rayamajhee, Veeshan
Despite significant advances in understanding the biophysical and institutional causes of overfishing, we have yet to make progress in addressing the depletion of our global fisheries stock. Investigations of potential solutions tend to be too broad (mischaracterizing global fisheries as a singular commons problem to be addressed at the supranational level) or too narrow (focusing on improving management of small fisheries at the micro level). This article attempts to bridge the gap between our scientific understanding of our collective dilemmas and their pragmatic solutions. Building on insights from Nobel laureate Elinor Ostrom, we frame the depletion of global fisheries as a nested set of diverse and interconnected collective action problems organized at different horizontal and vertical levels, where decisions and actions of one jurisdictional unit reinforce and amplify problems (and solutions) for other units. We examine features of the global fisheries system, such as nonstationarity, nestedness, and prohibitive transaction costs. Then, we explore some potential solutions. The success of our conservation goals depends on our ability to craft institutional rules at the lower levels that are adaptive to local conditions, address incentive misalignment issues, and allow for the transfer of positive externalities to adjacent and higher levels.
How to Avoid and Handle Problems in the Placement of Cement-Augmented Fenestrated Percutaneous Pedicle Screws?
(2024) Padilla, Fernando; Landriel, Federico; Guiroy, Alfredo; Casimiro, Miguel; Silva, Alvaro; Hem, Santiago
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pedicle screws with a central cannula and fenestrations allow cement augmentation, providing lower risk for screw loosening and pullout, especially in these patients with poor bone quality. This study aims to offer suggestions for resolving issues and reducing complications associated with the use of cement-augmented fenestrated pedicle screws.
METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted across multiple centers on patients who received fenestrated pedicle screws with cement augmentation (CAFPS). Using 2-dimensional fluoroscopy guidance, we placed over 800 screws in 137 patients. Based on our analysis of common challenges and complications, 10 tips were compiled, that we believe are crucial for successfully implementing this technique, regardless of the brand or instrument used.
RESULTS: The 10 tips included the following: (1) Indications of cement-augmented fenestrated pedicle screws; (2) use the K-wire blunt end in osteoporotic vertebrae; (3) know the longitude and diameter of the screw, by the measurement of the vertebrae to treat; (4) do not go bicortical; (5) clean the way of the screws fenestrae with saline; (6) protecting screw extensors with gauze; (7) measuring time and volume; (8) gently and smoothly introduce the cement; (9) do not panic. The presence of cement in the posterosuperior area adjacent to the pedicle does not necessarily indicate a leakage into the canal; and (10) fenestrated screw removal.
CONCLUSION: The implementation of these tips could enhance technique performance and minimize complications in cement-augmented fenestrated pedicle screw placement.
Clinical Characteristics Associated with the PLP-PLS Index, a New Potential Metric to Phenotype Phantom Limb Pain
(2024) Ortega, Jorge; Garnier, Justyna; Mena, Lucas; Palagi, Ana; Boschetti, Eleonora; Vallejos, Gabriel; Cost, Valton; Martinez, Daniela; Vaz de Macedo, Antonio; Neiva de Paula-Garcia, Waynice; Saretta, Denise; Fregni, Felipe; Pacheco, Kevin
Background: Phantom limb pain (PLP) is highly prevalent after amputation. However, the influence of non-painful sensations (PLS) remains unclear. This study examines the PLP-PLS index as a novel tool to differentiate PLP from PLS and explores the association of clinical factors with the index.
Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from 112 participants in a previous factorial trial in patients with unilateral traumatic lower limb amputation. Linear regression models were used to examine the associations between the index and various demographic, psychological and clinical factors. Logistic and Poisson regression, and e-value calculation were utilized for sensitivity analyses.
Results: Adjusted multivariable linear regression models demonstrated significant associations of phantom movement sensation (β: -1.532; 95% CI: -2.615 to -0.449; p = 0.006) and time since amputation (β: 0.005; 95% CI: 0.0006 to 0.0101; p = 0.026) with the PLP-PLS index. These findings were confirmed by multivariable logistic regression (phantom movement sensation OR: 0.469; 95% CI: 0.200 to 1.099, p = 0.082; time since amputation OR: 1.003; 95% CI: 1.00003 to 1.007; p = 0.048) and sensitivity analyses.
Conclusions: Time since amputation and phantom movement sensation likely reflect distinct phenotypes and potential mechanisms for PLP and PLS. The PLP-PLS index is a promising clinical tool for selecting therapies to prevent/treat PLP and for measuring treatment effects to modulate phantom pain. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding the mechanisms underlying PLP and PLS for improving clinical management and guiding future research.
Impact of the Pandemic Time on the Mental Health of People with Dementia and Their Family Caregivers in Brazil and Chile: One-Year Follow-Up
(2024) Olavarría, Loreto; Caramelli, Paulo; Lema, José; Bezerra, Caíssa; Pinto, Alejandra; Dos Santos, Lílian; Thumala, Daniela; Santos, Maria; Peredo, Adriana; Barroso, Alana; Carvalho, Karoline; Sepúlveda, Walter; Cardoso, Ludmilla; Tonidandel, Maira; Slachevsky Chonchol, Andrea
Background: Previous studies reported the negative impact of social isolation on mental health in people with dementia (PwD) and their caregivers, butlongitudinal studies seem scarcer.
Objective: To describe a one-year follow-up impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on PwD and their caregivers in both Brazil and Chile.
Methods: This study analyzed the impact of the pandemic on the psychological and physical health of PwD and their family caregivers after one year of follow-up in three outpatient clinics in Brazil (n = 68) and Chile (n = 61).
Results: In both countries, PwD reduced their functional capacity after one year of follow-up (p = 0.017 and p = 0.009; respectively) and caregivers reported worse physical and mental health (p = 0.028 and p = 0.039). Only in Chile, caregivers reported more sadness associated with care (p = 0.001), and reduced time sleeping (p = 0.07).
Conclusions: In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic appears to have had a long-lasting impact on PwD and their caregivers. However, it is essential to acknowledge that the inherent progression of dementia itself may also influence changes observed over a year.
Need estimates of psychiatric beds: a systematic review and meta-analysis
(2024) Mundt, Adrian; Rozas, Enzo; Delhey, Sabine; Siebenförcher, Mathias; Priebe, Stefan
This study aimed to review and synthesize the need estimates for psychiatric beds, explore how they changed over time and compare them against the prevalence of actually existing beds. We searched PubMed, Embase classic and Embase, PsycINFO and PsycIndex, Open Grey, Google Scholar, Global Health EBSCO and Proquest Dissertations, from inception to September 13, 2022. Publications providing estimates for the required number of psychiatric inpatient beds were included. Need estimates, length of stay, and year of the estimate were extracted. Need estimates were synthesized using medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs). We also computed prevalence ratios of the need estimates and the existing bed capacities at the same time and place. Sixty-five publications with 98 estimates were identified. Estimates for bed needs were trending lower until 2000, after which they stabilized. The twenty-six most recent estimates after 2000 were submitted to data synthesis (n = 15 for beds with unspecified length of stay, n = 7 for short-stay, and n = 4 for long-stay beds). Median estimates per 100 000 population were 47 (IQR: 39 to 50) beds with unspecified length of stay, 28 (IQR: 23 to 31) beds for short-stay, and 10 (IQR: 8 to 11) for long-stay beds. The median prevalence ratio of need estimates and the actual bed prevalence was 1.8 (IQR: 1.3 to 2.3) from 2000 onwards. Historically, the need estimates for psychiatric beds have decreased until about 2000. In the past two decades, they were stable over time and consistently higher than the actual bed numbers provided.
Violencia de Pareja Adolescente: ¿Qué nos ofrece el estudio de las habilidades sociocognitivas?
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Psicología. IBEM, 2024) Sánchez, Paulina; Varela, Jorge
En general, existen distintas teorías que explican la violencia de pareja, mayormente enfocadas en adultos. Sin embargo, existen elementos que diferencian la violencia de pareja en adultos de aquella que ocurre en adolescentes.
En el estudio de la violencia de pareja adolescente (VPA), destacan los marcadores de riesgo ambientales e individuales. A nivel individuo, la investigación sobre procesos sociocognitivos es prometedora, pero escasa.
El presente artículo enfatiza la relevancia del estudio de las habilidades sociocognitivas para la comprensión de la VPA. Además, argumenta qué modelos explicativos de la agresión y violencia son relevantes de integrar, destacando el “Modelo Social-Cognitivo del Procesamiento de la Información para la Resolución de Problemas Sociales” de Huesmann
Reflexión desde una mirada del desarrollo
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Psicología. IBEM, 2024) Pablo, José María de
La depresión es un trastorno de salud mental altamente prevalente que tiene un impacto significativo en la calidad de vida de las personas, afectando su participación en diversos ámbitos.
Los modelos orientados a explicar este cuadro se basan en antecedentes biológicos, cognitivos y sociales, desde los cuales se ha desarrollado una gran cantidad de planes de intervención, con resultados muy variados.
En este contexto, y pensando en aumentar su efectividad, parece ser significativo que para el diseño de estas estrategias se considere, además de las áreas referidas, una perspectiva del desarrollo que dé cuenta del dinamismo de la experiencia humana
Brain clocks capture diversity and disparities in aging and dementia across geographically diverse populations
(2024) Moguilner, Sebastian; Baez, Sandra; Hernandez, Hernan; Migeot, Joaquín; Legaz, Agustina; Gonzalez, Raul; Farina, Francesca; Prado, Pavel; Cuadros, Jhosmary; Tagliazucchi, Enzo; Altschuler, Florencia; Maito, Marcelo; Godoy, María; Cruzat, Josefina; Valdes, Pedro; Lopera, Francisco; Ochoa, John; González, Alfredis; Bonilla, Jazmín; Gonzalez, Rodrigo; Anghinah, Renato; d'Almeida, Luis; Fittipaldi, Sol; Medel, Vicente; Olivares, Daniela; Yener, Görsev; Escudero, Javier; Babiloni, Claudio; Whelan, Robert; Guntekin, Bahar; Yırıkoğulları, Harun; Santamaria, Hernando; Fernández, Alberto; Huepe, David; Di Caterina, Gaetano; Soto, Marcio; Birba, Agustina; Sainz, Agustin; Coronel, Carlos; Yigezu, Amanuel; Behrens, Maria Isabel
Brain clocks, which quantify discrepancies between brain age and chronological age, hold promise for understanding brain health and disease. However, the impact of diversity (including geographical, socioeconomic, sociodemographic, sex and neurodegeneration) on the brain-age gap is unknown. We analyzed datasets from 5,306 participants across 15 countries (7 Latin American and Caribbean countries (LAC) and 8 non-LAC countries). Based on higher-order interactions, we developed a brain-age gap deep learning architecture for functional magnetic resonance imaging (2,953) and electroencephalography (2,353). The datasets comprised healthy controls and individuals with mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer disease and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. LAC models evidenced older brain ages (functional magnetic resonance imaging: mean directional error = 5.60, root mean square error (r.m.s.e.) = 11.91; electroencephalography: mean directional error = 5.34, r.m.s.e. = 9.82) associated with frontoposterior networks compared with non-LAC models. Structural socioeconomic inequality, pollution and health disparities were influential predictors of increased brain-age gaps, especially in LAC (R² = 0.37, F² = 0.59, r.m.s.e. = 6.9). An ascending brain-age gap from healthy controls to mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease was found. In LAC, we observed larger brain-age gaps in females in control and Alzheimer disease groups compared with the respective males. The results were not explained by variations in signal quality, demographics or acquisition methods. These findings provide a quantitative framework capturing the diversity of accelerated brain aging.
Los relojes cerebrales, que cuantifican las discrepancias entre la edad cerebral y la edad cronológica, son prometedores para comprender la salud y la enfermedad cerebral. Sin embargo, se desconoce el impacto de la diversidad (incluida la geográfica, socioeconómica, sociodemográfica, sexual y neurodegenerativa) en la brecha de edad cerebral. Analizamos conjuntos de datos de 5306 participantes en 15 países (7 países de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) y 8 países no pertenecientes a ALC). Con base en interacciones de orden superior, desarrollamos una arquitectura de aprendizaje profundo de brecha de edad cerebral para imágenes de resonancia magnética funcional (2953) y electroencefalografía (2353). Los conjuntos de datos comprendían controles sanos e individuos con deterioro cognitivo leve, enfermedad de Alzheimer y demencia frontotemporal variante conductual. Los modelos LAC evidenciaron edades cerebrales más avanzadas (imágenes por resonancia magnética funcional: error direccional medio = 5,60, error cuadrático medio (rmse) = 11,91; electroencefalografía: error direccional medio = 5,34, rmse = 9,82) asociadas con redes frontoposteriores en comparación con los modelos no LAC. La desigualdad socioeconómica estructural, la contaminación y las disparidades en la salud fueron predictores influyentes de mayores brechas de edad cerebral, especialmente en LAC (R² = 0,37, F² = 0,59, rmse = 6,9). Se encontró una brecha ascendente de edad cerebral desde controles sanos hasta deterioro cognitivo leve y enfermedad de Alzheimer. En LAC, observamos brechas de edad cerebral más grandes en mujeres en los grupos de control y enfermedad de Alzheimer en comparación con los respectivos hombres. Los resultados no se explicaron por variaciones en la calidad de la señal, la demografía o los métodos de adquisición. Estos hallazgos proporcionan un marco cuantitativo que captura la diversidad del envejecimiento cerebral acelerado.
Sueño y depresión post parto
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Psicología. IBEM, 2024) Silva, Luz María
Existe una relación significativa entre los trastornos de sueño durante el embarazo y la depresión post parto. Por ejemplo, mientras más fatigadas estén las madres, más posibilidades tienen de cursar una depresión post parto.
El modo cómo las personas se sienten en relación a sus expectativas de sueño, es tan relevante como la cantidad de horas de descanso. Por esto, debe haber un buen ajuste entre el sueño de los cuidadores con el sueño del hijo(a).
El número de veces que las madres y los padres se despiertan durante la noche, predice las percepciones de su calidad de sueño, lo que a su vez predice altos síntomas depresivos y la calidad de la coparentalidad.
Meta-Neuropsy Salud mental y metacognición: análisis desde una perspectiva transdiagnóstica
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Psicología. IBEM, 2024) Pablo, José María de; Gana, Sofía
En los procesos de toma de decisiones la metacognición tiene un rol fundamental, en tanto un proceso asociado al monitoreo y control de los propios procesos cognitivos.
Existen diversos elementos que influyen sobre los procesos metacognitivos, siendo relevante considerar, entre otras cosas, la característica del estímulo, la experiencia y la información que tiene el sujeto, e incluso su contexto de salud mental.
Respecto de la relación entre metacognición y salud mental, la evidencia muestra diferencias significativas en medidas de sensibilidad y sesgo metacognitivo, particularmente desde líneas de investigación que se enmarcan en una clasificación transdiagnóstica de los cuadros de salud mental.
Meta-Dynamic: Descubriendo los mecanismos subyacentes a la metacognición
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Psicología. IBEM, 2024) Tapia, Leonel
Cada decisión que tomamos viene acompañada de una sensación de confianza, ayudándonos a adaptar nuestra conducta a las repercusiones de nuestras decisiones.
La metacognición es la capacidad de reflexionar sobre nuestra propia conducta y cognición. En ese sentido, la sensación de confianza que acompaña nuestras decisiones es un fenómeno metacognitivo.
Existe un esfuerzo conjunto de laboratorios a nivel internacional por cooperar en pos del avance teórico y metodológico en este tema, estableciendo metas y construyendo bases de datos en común.
Meta-educa: Explorando la relación entre los componentes de la metacognición y el aprendizaje
(Universidad del Desarrollo. Facultad de Psicología. IBEM, 2024) Barrientos, Mauricio
La metacognición se divide en tres componentes principales: conocimiento, monitoreo y control metacognitivo.
Una alta capacidad metacognitiva permite a los estudiantes ser conscientes de su proceso de aprendizaje, identificar brechas en su conocimiento y aplicar estrategias efectivas para mejorar su comprensión y rendimiento.
3. La falta de consenso sobre cómo definir y evaluar los componentes de la metacognición ha dificultado nuestra comprensión sobre su rol específico en el aprendizaje y su incorporación en intervenciones y programas educacionales.